ON THE SEASON PREMIER OF "CYCLE OF HEALTH."

>> I BRING EXPERTS TO DISCUSS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.

FROM HELPING DOCTORS DETECT DISEASE EARLIER TO PERSONALIZING TREATMENTS.

Dr.

A.I.

IS RAPIDLY CHANGING CARE.

BUT DOES Dr.

A.I.

DID IT SAFELY AND EFFECTIVELY WITH HUMAN SAFETY.

AND THE INCOMES STUDENT MEDICAL MINUTE.

WE BREAK DOWN MULTITASKING AND WHY IT MAY BE WORKING AGAINST US.

THAT'S COMING UP ON "CYCLE OF HEALTH."

DON'T GO AWAY.

>> THIS PROGRAM IS BROUGHT TO YOU BY THE MEMBERS OF WCNY.

THANK YOU.

CANCER IT'S NOT JUST A DIAGNOSIS.

IT'S A COMPLEX OPPONENT, ONE THAT CAN ALTER THE COURSE OF YOUR LIFE.

♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ >> HELLO AND WELCOME TO OUR BRAND NEW SEASON OF "CYCLE OF HEALTH."

I'M YOUR HOST, Dr.

RICH O'NEILL.

TONIGHT'S TOPIC: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN EVERYDAY LIFE AND HEALTHCARE.

AND HOW DO WE HUMANS AND PATIENTS FIT IN?

THE PROMISES ARE ASTOUNDING FROM DOING ALL OF OUR WORK TO BEING OUR DREAM BOAT ROBOT FRIENDS AND LOVERS TO DETECTING DISEASE EARLIER AND PERSONALIZING TREATMENT.

DOES ANYBODY REMEMBER THE PAPERLESS OFFICE PROMISE?

SO, REALITY CHECK: IS A.I.

SAFE, ETHICAL AND DOES Dr.

A.I.

HAVE OUR BEST INTERESTS AT HEART?

JOINING US TODAY ARE Dr.

SER SERIFE, TEKIN FROM UPSTATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY AND Dr.

REBECCA ORTIZ, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR OF ADVERTISING AND ENDOWED CHAIR OF PUBLIC COMMUNICATIONS AT SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY.

SO, FOLKS, FULL DISCLOSURE, UNTIL JUST A COUPLE OF DAYS AGO WHEN I WAS PREPARING FOR THIS SHOW, I HAD NEVER GONE ON TO THE INTERSTATE OR WHATEVER IT IS TO CHAT BOT WITH ANYTHING, RIGHT?

SO AND I SAT DOWN TO DO IT AND I GOOGLED CHAT BOTS AND I GOT THIS LITTLE WEIRD PERSON'S FACE, AN ANIMATED THING.

AND I HAD THIS LIKE GAG RESPONSE.

I DID NOT WANT TO DO THIS.

I DON'T WANT TO GET ENGAGED WITH ONE MORE COMPUTER THING THAT IS GOING TO CONSUME MY LIFE, ESPECIALLY IF IT IS RUN BY MARK ZUCKERBERG AND WHO IS THE TESLA GUY, ELON MUSK.

I MEAN UGH!

TELL US WHAT IS A.I.?

>> SO, A.I.

IS AN ACRONYM THAT STANDS FOR ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE.

AND WE ARE HEARING MORE ABOUT THIS NOW.

BUT ACTUALLY THIS IS A RESEARCH PROGRAM THAT STARTED IN 1930S AND 40S.

>> WHOA.

>> YES.

AND THE PRIMARY GOAL WAS TO SEE IF HUMAN INTELLIGENCE, RIGHT, CAN BE REPLICATED IN THE KIND OF FORM OF A MACHINE.

SO WHAT DOES THAT MEAN?

SO WHEN WE THINK ABOUT HUMANS AND HUMAN INTELLIGENCE, SO MANY COGNITIVE CAPACITIES ARE INVOLVED, RIGHT?

WE CAN THINK.

WE CAN ASK QUESTIONS.

WE CAN IMAGINE THINGS.

WE HAVE WORRIES.

AND THEN WE USE ALL OF THESE MAGICALLY SOMETIMES, IT FEELS, TO SOLVE PROBLEMS OR TO BE KIND OF HUMANS, AGENTS, ACTIVE PARTICIPANTS IN THE WORLD.

>> WE ARE PROBLEM SOLVING BRAIN MACHINES, YEP?

>> ABSOLUTELY.

AND THAT IS HOW THE METAPHOR INITIALLY STARTED, THE COMPUTER, THE INVENTION OF THE COMPUTER SUDDENLY GAVE SCIENTISTS AND RESEARCHERS THIS IDEA THAT ACTUALLY THIS IS MAYBE HOW HUMAN BRAIN WORKS, RIGHT, IN THE WAY THAT COMPUTERS CAN SOLVE PROBLEMS.

AND THEN, KIND OF THERE WAS THIS NOW, YOU KNOW, ALMOST A CENTURY-LONG RESEARCH PROGRAM THAT AIMED TO DEVELOP THESE AUTOMATED PLATFORMS THAT KIND OF ACT LIKE, BEHAVE INTELLIGENTLY LIKE HUMANS.

BUT THE GOAL IS TO, YOU KNOW, SEE IF WE CAN ACTUALLY CREATE THINKING, FEELING PROBLEM SOLVING INTELLIGENCE, ARTIFICIALLY INTELLIGENT ROBOTS IN THE WORLD.

>> WHAT LITTLE I KNOW ABOUT THIS, THEY USE SOMETHING CALLED LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS TO DEVELOP THESE THINGS.

WHAT IS A LARGE LANGUAGE MODEL?

AND WHAT DO THEY DO?

>> SO, NOW WHEN YOU THINK ABOUT HUMAN INTELLIGENCE, WE HAVE LANGUAGE, RIGHT?

, AMONGST OTHER HUMAN CAPACITIES AND INTELLIGENCE.

SO LANGUAGE WAS THE ONE ANGLE THAT COMPUTER SCIENTISTS THOUGHT THAT WE COULD CREATE JNT STANDING-- INTELLIGENT SOUNDING COMPUTERS.

>> SORRY TO INTERRUPT BUT THIS IS ONE OF MY BEEFS WITH THEM.

THEY'RE BASICALLY VERBAL.

THEY DON'T TAKE INTO ACCOUNT NON-VERBAL STUFF.

AS A THERAPIST, I KNOW I TAKE THAT INTO ACCOUNT.

AND AS A HUMAN BEING, ALL THE TIME.

>> THERE IS RESEARCH CALLED EFFECTIVE COMPUTING THAT IS TRYING TO GET AT PRODUCING EMOTIONAL AND OTHER THINGS?

>> THEY ARE NEVER GOING TO GET THERE.

>> WE ARE NOT THERE.

AND THE LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS BASICALLY ARE THESE, THE WAYS IN WHICH COMPUTERS OR THESE TOOLS ARE TRAINED BY WAY OF KIND OF EXPOSING THEM TO ALL THE HUMAN TEXT THAT IS AVAILABLE OUT THERE.

>> ALL THE WRITTEN STUFF.

>> ALL THE WRITTEN STUFF, RIGHT.

SO THIS COULD BE IN THE FORM OF, JUST IMAGINE A LIBRARY, AND ALL THE BOOKS IN THAT LIBRARY SOMEHOW, IF YOU GET ALL THAT TEXT TO USE IN THE TRAINING, BUT THE TRAINING IS GOVERN BID SOMETHING THAT IS CALLED REINFORCED WITH HUMAN FEEDBACK.

SO THEY NOT ONLY FEED ALL OF THAT INFORMATION INTO THE COMPUTERS, BUT IN HELPING THEM KIND OF LEARN FROM THAT TEXT, THERE ARE HUMANS INVOLVE THAT TEACH THEM IF THEY'RE PREDICTING CORRECTLY OR NOT.

SO-- >> WHO ARE THOSE HUMANS?

I WANT TO KNOW?

HOW DO THEY DECIDE?

BUT KEEP GOING.

I HOPE IT'S NOT ELON.

>> WELL, I MEAN, I DON'T KNOW IF ELON PERSONALLY IS VOFTD BUT A LOT OF THESE ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE COMPANIES ARE INVOLVED.

BUT ORIGINALLY BACK WHEN, PRIMARILY THESE WERE RESEARCHERS, COMPUTER SCIENTISTS AT THE UNIVERSITIES OR RESEARCH CENTERS, SO THAT WAS THE INITIAL RESEARCH PROGRAM.

BUT THE IDEA IS NOT TO TEACH THE TOOL HOW TO SPEAK OR WRITE, BUT TO ACTUALLY PREDICT WHAT THE NEXT STATEMENT OR PHRASE COULD BE, DEPENDING ON THE CONTEXT OF TRAINING, RIGHT?

SO LET'S SAY YOU ARE TRYING TO KIND OF PROGRAM THE TOOLED ALN TO GIVE YOU A RECIPE.

THE INITIAL STEP MIGHT BE TO PUT ALL THE AVAILABLE MEDITERRANEAN RECIPES INTO THE DATABASE BUT WHEN IT GIVES YOU POSSIBLE RECIPES, THE TRAINERS GIVE FEEDBACK, NO, THAT DOESN'T WORK.

THIS WORKS.

AND THEN THE LLMS ACTUALLY LEARN OVER TIME FROM THAT CONTEXT AND FROM THE FEEDBACK, FROM HOW WE KIND OF, WHAT WE TELL THEM, WHETHER WE AGREE OR DISAGREE, AND THEY ARE SUPPOSED TO GET MORE PRECISE.

BUT ULTIMATELY IT'S A PREDICTING MACHINE.

IT'S NOT REASONING.

IT'S NOT THINKING.

IT'S BASICALLY PREDICTING WHAT THE NEXT BEST WORD WOULD BE.

>> REBECCA, WHAT DO HAVE YOU TO SAY ABOUT THIS?

WHAT CAN YOU ADD?

>> I THINK ONE OF THE THINGS ABOUT A.I.

THAT WE MAYBE UNDERESTIMATE IS HOW LONG IT HAS BEEN AROUND.

YOU MENTIONED SOME OF THE HISTORY OF IT BUT IN OUR EVERYDAY LIFE WE SEE IT.

IF YOU USE NETFLIX, THE THINGS IT IS RECOMMENDED TO YOU IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE.

>> I USE NETFLIX.

YOU WOULD LIKE THIS BASED ON THIS?

THAT'S A.I.

>> THAT'S ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE.

ADVERTISING IS BOUGHT AND SOLD USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE.

BUT THE MORE RECENT STUFF I THINK THAT WE ARE REALLY TALKING ABOUT MORE IS THE COMPANIONS, THE CHAT BOTS, THE ABILITY TO REALLY COMMUNICATE WITH A.I.

CHAT BOTS AND COMPANIONS IN A WAY LIKE YOU WOULD A REAL PERSON >> SO WHAT IS A CHAT BOT.

IT SOUNDS LIKE YOU MAYBE HAVE USED ONE.

>> LIKE FOUR SECONDS.

I COULDN'T STAND IT.

>> REALLY?

>> YEAH.

>> SO UNFORTUNATELY, FOR YOUR CASE MAYBE, THERE IS A LOT OF PEOPLE THAT HAVE ENJOYED USING THEM BUT WE HAVE CHATGPT, CLAUDE AND GEMINI.

THESE ARE GENERAL PURPOSE CHAT BOTS WHERE YOU MIGHT ASK IT A RECIPE OR HAVE IT HELP WITH YOU FINANCES.

WHAT I'M MORE INTERESTED IN IS HOW IT IS BEING USED AS A FRIEND, COMPANION, PARTNER.

YOU CAN TALK TO IT IN A WAY THAT COULD MIMIC A THERAPIST, A MENTOR AND BUILD A REAL RELATIONSHIP WITH IT.

>> WE'LL GET TO THERAPISTS LATER, BUT WHAT ABOUT THESE ROMANTIC RELATIONSHIPS WITH, YOU KNOW,-- >> HOW DOES THAT WORK?

>> YEAH.

>> SO MOST OF MY RESEARCH IS AROUND YOUTH AND MEDIA SO MY RESEARCH STARTED TO GO INTO OKAY, LET'S LOOK AT HOW YOUNG PEOPLE ARE USING A.I.

CHAT BOTS.

>> HOW DO THEY USE IT?

>> ONE OF THE THINGS WE LEARNED FROM EXPERIENCES OF OUR OWN OR SEEING THIS AMONG SOME OF MY FRIENDS KIDS IS THAT SOME OF THEM, SOME TEENS, FOR EXAMPLE, ARE USING THESE COMPANIONS TO TALK TO IT LIKE IT'S A BOYFRIEND OR A GIRLFRIEND.

THAT SEEMS ODD TO SOME PEOPLE.

WHO WOULD DO THAT?

>> THE MACHINE.

>> BUT WHEN YOU ARE TRYING TO EXPLORE YOUR IDENTITY, YOU KNOW, YOU HAVEN'T YET HAD A RELATIONSHIP PERHAPS, IT'S A WAY TO KIND OF PRACTICE AND EXPLORE WHAT THAT MIGHT LOOK LIKE.

>> SO THIS IS A POTENTIAL BENEFIT?

>> I WOULDN'T NECESSARILY SAY IT'S A BENEFIT BUT A USAGE.

>> OKAY.

>> WE DON'T YET KNOW ABOUT ALL THE BENEFITS.

WE KNOW THAT THERE ARE SOME POTENTIAL HARMS THAT COULD BE HAPPENING.

>> LIKE WHAT?

>> YEAH, ONE OF THE THINGS WE SAW IS THAT SOME OF THESE COMPANIONS WILL TURN TO VERY SEXUALLY AGGRESSIVE LANGUAGE REALLY QUICKLY.

>> WHOA, WHOA, WHOA.

THE CHAT BOTS GET SEXUALLY AGGRESSIVE?

>> THIS IS NOT NECESSARILY ALL COMPANIONS OR CHAT BOTS OUT THERE BUT BECAUSE THEY DON'T HAVE A LOT OF GUARD RAILS AND BOUNDARIES AROUND THEM NECESSARILY IN TERMS OF WHAT THEY WILL SAY AND WHAT THEY WILL DO, WE FOUND THAT SOMETIMES YOUNG PEOPLE, WHEN USING THEM OR ANYBODY, BUT WE HAVE A CONCERN FOR YOUNG PEOPLE... >> SURE.

>> THEY MIGHT BE ENGAGING IN PRACTICING FLIRTING WITH THE CHAT BOT, AND IT CAN SOMETIMES JUMP TO VERY AGGRESSIVE OR NON-CONSENSUAL LANGUAGE.

AND WE DON'T WANT YOUNG KIDS TO LEARN THAT IS THE WAY TO COMMUNICATE WITH YOUR PARTNER SO IT'S A LITTLE BIT OF A CONCERN.

>> I THINK THE GUARD RAIL IDEA, LIKE FOR ME, WHO IS SETTING THE GUARD RAILS?

WHO IS RUNNING THESE?

>> CURRENTLY THERE ARE NOT MANY GUARD RAILS, EVEN THOUGH A.I.

COMPANIES ARE TALKING ABOUT DEVELOPING GUARD RAILS.

SO IN TRADITIONAL MEDICAL RESEARCH OR LIKE RESEARCH IN GENERAL ANY TIME A HUMAN SUBJECT IS INVOLVED AS PART OF THE RESEARCH PROGRAM, YOU NEED TO GO THROUGH STEPS OF, YOU KNOW, INSTITUTIONAL REVIEW BOARDS, ETHICAL REVIEWS AND IF THIS IS A MEDICAL TOOL, FOR EXAMPLE, YOU MIGHT BE APPLYING TO FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION AT THE FDA FOR APPROVALS.

BUT CURRENTLY, A LOT OF THESE TOOLS ARE DEVELOPED BY PRIVATE COMPANIES WHOSE PRIMARY GOAL IS TO BENEFIT FROM, YOU KNOW, USERS.

>> SELL STUFF.

>> PRODUCTS.

YES.

ABSOLUTELY.

AND ONE THING THAT CONNECTS TO WHAT REBECCA WAS TALKING ABOUT IN TERMS OF YOUNG PEOPLE, SO SOME OF THESE COMPANION TOOLS ARE PEOPLE TURN TO THEM BECAUSE OF SOME OF THEIR EXISTING VULNERABILITIES.

SO FOR INSTANCE, I LISTEN TO THIS PODCAST, AND THERE WAS A WOMAN WHO HAD LIKE A COMPANION BOYFRIEND AND WAS IN A REALLY DEEP, WHAT SHE CONSIDERED A VERY DEEP RELATIONSHIP WITH THE COMPANION AND SHE HAS A DISABILITY AND SHE KIND OF TALKED ABOUT HOW BEING IN A RELATIONSHIP WITH THIS A.I.

BOT KIND OF HELPED HER TO FEEL LIKE SHE ALSO COULD BE LOVED, DESIRED , COULD BE KIND OF RELATED TO.

AND THEN SHE WRITES ABOUT HOW-- SHE TALKS ABOUT HOW THIS EXPERIENCE TURNED REALLY, TURNED AROUND IN A VERY BAD WAY WHEN SHE WAS COMPLAINING ONE DAY HOW SHE IS NOT FEELING WELL AND THE COMPANION BOT KEPT TELLING HER TO GO FOR A WALK.

SHE REPEATEDLY SAID... >> THE COMPANION BOT-- SHE IS DISABLED.

CAN'T WALK.

AND.

>> AND SHE SAID I CAN'T WALK.

BUT THE CHAT BOT KEPT INSISTING LIKE, RIGHT?

THIS IS EVIDENCE FOR OUR CULTURAL SCRIPTS OF NOT FEELING WELL.

WE ARE ALWAYS TOLD IF YOU DON'T FEEL WELL, GO FOR A WALK.

>> I TELL PEOPLE TO DO THAT.

I TELL MYSELF TO DO THAT.

>> THAT'S HOW THE LLMs ARE TRAINED.

THEY'RE TRAINED IN A GENERAL CONTEXT.

THEY'RE NOT TRAINED TO... >> THEY CAN REALLY MISS... >> THE DIVERSITY OF HUMAN EXPERIENCE, RIGHT?

AND THEN SHE SAYS THAT PEOPLE ALL OF HER LIFE, HAVE SAID THINGS TO HER ABOUT HER DISABILITY THAT REALLY BUT LET'S SHIFT TO TALKING ABOUT THE MEDICAL USES.

SO WE HAVE CHAT BOTS WHERE YOU CAN MAKE A RELATIONSHIP WITH A MAKE BELIEVE PERSON, AND BUT THEY'RE ALSO BEING USED VERY-- I WORK IN A MEDICAL CENTER, AS YOU DO.

AND THE AMOUNT OF ENERGY AND TIME THAT IS BEING PUT INTO A.I.

DEVELOPING A.I.

TECHNOLOGY TO ASSIST IN MEDICAL CARE, ET CETERA.

TELL US ABOUT THAT.

>> YEAH, SO, AGAIN, A.I.

COULD BE USED IN SO MANY CONTEXTS IN MEDICINE FROM BEING ABLE TO READ LIKE RADIOLOGY REPORTS AND KIND OF HELP EARLY DETECT CANCER AND SO ON.

THERE ARE MULTIPLE USES THAT ARE BEING EXPLORED FROM HELPING-- >> CAN I J UMP IN A SECOND?

>> ABSOLUTELY.

>> I DON'T KNOW IF YOU WORK IN A MEDICAL AREA AT ALL, BUT AS A PERSON, ARE YOU INTERESTED IN LIKE-- WHAT DO YOU HEAR AND WHAT ARE YOU CURIOUS ABOUT ABOUT MEDICAL A.I.?

SO MOSTLY HOW IT MIGHT BE USED TO HELP FROM A MENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVE, OR JUST A LONELINESS PERSPECTIVE.

THAT'S ONE OF THE REASONS THAT WE RAN THE STUDY.

MYSELF AND SOME COLLEAGUES AND I, TO LOOK AT HOW YOUNG ADULTS ARE USING A.I.

COMPANIONS AND WHAT ARE SOME OF THE REASONS THEY'RE USING THEM.

WHAT ARE THEY GETTING OUT OF IT.

A LOT OF THINGS WE FOUND BUT TOP LINE WE FOUND SOME OF THEM USE IT TO HELP THEMSELVES FEEL LESS LONELY OR' USED IT TO PRACTICE COMMUNICATION.

SO I THINK THERE IS A POTENTIAL BENEFIT TO USE CHAT BOTS WHEN THEY'RE CREATED IN A WAY THAT PROVIDE SOME SAFEGUARD RAILS AND ENSURES THAT THERE ARE SOME BOUNDARIES AND NOT ENGAGING IN UNHEALTHY OR HARMFUL COMMUNICATION.

THERE CAN BE SOME POTENTIAL BENEFITS TO YOUNG PEOPLE IN TISCH, BUT ANYBODY, MAYBE FEELING A LITTLE BIT BETTER GETTING TO COMMUNICATE WITH A.I.

IF THEY DON'T HAVE OTHER PEOPLE IN THEIR LIVES TO DO THAT WITH.

>> WHAT KIND OF GUIDELINES WOULD YOU RECOMMEND?

HOW TO SET THOSE UP?

DO YOU WORK IN THAT AREA?

>> WHEN WE THINK ABOUT IT FROM A TECH PERSPECTIVE, I MEAN I WOULDN'T CALL MYSELF ON THE SIDE OF BEING ABLE TO UNDERSTAND THE ALGORITHMS BEHIND EVERYTHING, BUT WHAT WE DO KNOW IS THAT THERE IS A CONCERTED EFFORT TO TRY TO ENCOURAGE TECH COMPANIES TO PUT EFFORTS INTO CREATING THESE BOTS IN A WAS I THAT WILL LIMIT WHAT IT CAN DO.

SO YOU WANT TO BE CAREFUL.

YOU WANT TO TRAIN IT IN A WAY THAT IT IS TRAINED IN HEALTHY COMMUNICATION.

IT IS TRAINED ON WAYS TO RESPOND IN WAYS THAT ARE NOT HARMFUL SO THERE ARE WAYS TO TRAIN THESE COMPANIONS AND CHAT BOTS SO THEY DON'T GO TO MORE UNHEALTHY COMMUNICATION.

SO IN TERMS OF BEING ABLE TO LIKE GET US THERE, IT'S REALLY ABOUT ENCOURAGING THE TECH COMPANIES THAT ARE MAKING A LOT OF MONEY OFF OF THESE THINGS TO REALLY ENSURE THEY'RE TRAINING THEIR MODELS CORRECTLY.

>> YOU ARE MAKING ME THINK OF THE HIPPOCRATIC OATH AND THE HIPPOCRATIC OATH, IT SAYS FIRST DO NO HARM, RIGHT?

SOMETHING ALONG THOSE LINES.

AND SO I FIND IT HARD-- I'M WONDERING DO A.I.

COMPANIES ADD IN FIRST DO NO HARM UNLESS IT MAKES US A LOT OF MONEY, IN WHICH EVERYTHING, ALL BETS ARE OFF.

SO TELL US MORE ABOUT THAT?

>> YOU ARE POINTING OUT VERY IMPORTANT POINTS.

I TEACH IN THE MEDICAL SCHOOL AND THE FIRST THINGS THAT MEDICAL STUDENTS LEARN IS ETHICS, RIGHT?

ABOUT HOW, YOU KNOW, WHAT THAT, DO NO HARM PRINCIPAL ENTAILS, HOW TO RESPECT PEOPLE, HOW TO THINK OF PATIENTS AND THEIR BEST INTERESTS.

BUT IN SO FAR AS LLMs THESE TOOLS ARE NOT AGENTS OR PERSONS.

THEY'RE NOT GETTING THIS KIND OF TRAINING.

AND WHAT IS REALLY IMPORTANT, ALSO, ARE THE GENERAL PURPOSE LLM TOOLS ARE NOT MARKETED AS MEDICAL DEVICES BECAUSE IF THEY WERE, THEN, YOU KNOW,.

>> THE FDA WOULD COME IN.

>> THEY WOULD BE MORE LIABLE, AND THERE WOULD BE SAFE SAFEGUARDS.

IN A REGULAR MEDICAL SETTING IF THERE IS A MALPRACTICE OR HARM TO THE PATIENT BECAUSE OF SOME NEGLECT... >> YOU GET SUED.

>> YEAH, NOT ONLY SUED BUT DISCIPLINES, A TRAINING PROGRAM.

I MEAN YEARS OF STUDYING THAT MEDICAL STUDENTS DO TO DEVELOP BOTH AS CLINICAL EXPERTS BUT ALSO AS ETHICAL CLINICIANS.

BUT ALL OF THOSE STEPS ARE SIDE STEPPED IN THE CONTEXT OF THESE GENERAL PURPOSE LLMs BECAUSE THEY'RE NOT REALLY REGULATED WITH THE SAME KIND OF REGULATIONS.

AND THAT'S WHY I THINK IT'S REALLY IMPORTANT.

I AGREE WITH REBECCA I THINK THERE IS A LOT OF-- I MEAN THIS JUST DEMONSTRATE IS HOW OUR TEENS AND HOW PEOPLE WITH LONELINESS, WHAT THEY NEED AND THEY'RE TURNING TO THESE TOOLS, TO THESE KIND OF LIVE LIVE TO A CERTAIN EXTENT, THEY CAN BE GREAT STARTING POINTS, RIGHT?

THEY CAN TEACH YOU HOW TO BETTER REPRESENT YOURSELF, HOW TO MAYBE FIND HELP, SEEK HELP BECAUSE NOW THESE COMPANIES ARE INTEGRATING.

SO IF THEY WANT TO MAKE SURE THAT IF THE LLM TOOL NOTICES SOME KIND OF CRISIS SITUATION, A MENTAL HEALTH CRISIS, THERE IS LIKE RESOURCES FOR THOSE PATIENTS FOR THOSE INDIVIDUALS TO TURN TO AND THEY'RE TRYING TO TRAIN THOSE TOOLS TO DO THAT.

>> SO MAYBE THEY CAN LEARN.

>> BUT IT'S UNCLEAR-- I'M NOT SURE HOW-- >> YOU ARE SKEPTICAL.

>> I MEAN I GUESS I'M NOT SKEPTICAL THAT THEY CAN LEARN.

BUT I'M SKEPTICAL THAT THE CREATORS OF THESE TOOLS WANT THEM TO LEARN BECAUSE I MEAN JUST PROPERTY DEGREES IN THE RESEARCH AREA SHOWS HOW CAPABLE HUMANS AND ENGINEERS ARE TO DEVELOPING THESE TOOLS.

BUT I THINK THAT'S, YOU KNOW, WE HAVE TO CREATE A CONTEXT IN WHICH THE COMPANIES ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR DEVELOPING THESE ETHICAL GUIDELINES.

>> YOU ARE NODDING, REBECCA.

LAST WORDS WERE CLOSING IN AT THE END OF OUR SHOW.

>> ONE OF THE THINGS I LEARNED IN THE SURVEY THEY DID IS I ASKED THOSE YOUNG PEOPLE WHO WERE USING THEM AS ROMANTIC COMPANIONS AS A VIRTUAL BOYFRIEND OR GIRLFRIEND.

I ASKED THEM HAVE YOU LEARNED OR PRACTICED OR USED ANYTHING THAT YOU PRACTICED IN HERE IN YOUR HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS.

AND A GOOD CHUNK OF THEM SAID THAT THEY HAD.

SO THERE ARE IMPLICATIONS NOT JUST TO THE INDIVIDUAL PERSON USING THE COMPANION BUT HOW THEY COMMUNICATE AND HOW THEIR RELATIONSHIPS WITH OTHER HUMANS PLAY AA ROLE SO IT'S IMPORTANT FROM A NUMBER OF DIFFERENT LEVELS THAT WE MAKE SURE THAT THESE THINGS ARE CREATED AND TRAINED IN A WAY THAT ENSURES HEALTHY COMMUNICATION OVERALL.

>> GOOD POINT.

I'M WONDERING LIKE WOULD, IS IT GOING TO BE ACTUALLY BENEFICIAL IN THE LONG RUN OR IS IT GOING TO BE THIS LIKE THIS, YOU KNOW, RACE TO BE THE MOST ARTICULATE PERSON.

YOU HAVE TO SPEND ALL THIS TIME PREPARING YOURSELF.

>> YEAH, THAT'S ADDRESSING A REALLY KIND OF IMPORTANT, I THINK, SOCIAL CHANGE, RIGHT, THAT, YOU KNOW, IF SUDDENLY THESE, YOU KNOW, WHEN YOU ARE A TEENAGER, IT'S TOTALLY YOU ARE IN FACT EXPECTED TO BE AWKWARD IN THE INITIAL PHASES LIVE.

>> THAT'S PART OF LIFE.

ADOLESCENCE, RIGHT.

>> YOU LEARN FROM THAT SITUATION.

AND SUDDENLY IF YOU HAVE MORE REHEARSED ARTICULATE PEOPLE IN THAT CONTEXT, WHAT WILL THAT ENTAIL?

>> YOU WILL HAVE A SCRIPT BUT WILL YOU ACTUALLY BE A REAL PERSON RELATING TO A REAL PERSON?

>> AND WHAT IS THE SCRIPT YOU ARE BEING GIVEN, RIGHT?

IF YOU ARE LEARNING HOW TO COMMUNICATE BY FIRST COMMUNICATING WITH AN A.I.

CHAT BOT, WHAT IS THE SCRIPT?

AND AS I THINK AWE LEWDED TO EARLIER, A LOT OF THESE THINGS ARE TRAINED ON VERY LIKE DOMINANT NARRATIVES, IN WAYS IN WHICH OUR SOCIETY IS SET UP SO IT'S NOT ALWAYS TAKING DIVERSE PERSPECTIVES INTO ACCOUNT.

>> ABSOLUTELY.

>> SO HOW THOSE THINGS TRAIN PEOPLE TO DO WHATEVER.

>> THE MARKETING, RIGHT?

SO, FOR INSTANCE, THERE IS RESEARCH THAT SHOWS US THAT MOST OF THESE TRAINED, THE LANGUAGE OF TRAINING OF THESE TOOLS IS ENGLISH.

SO IF SOMEBODY'S FIRST LANGUAGE IS NOT ENGLISH OR THEY DON'T SEEK ENGLISH AT ALL, LLMS ARE NOT ABLE TO GET THE CULTURAL NUANCES AND DIFFERENCES.

AND WHEN YOU THINK ABOUT IT IN THE CONTEXT OF HEALTH, WHERE YOU SERVE PEOPLE FROM ALL KINDS OF BACKGROUNDS AND LANGUAGES, SUDDENLY ARE YOU USING THOSE TOOLS THAT ARE TRAINED IN THIS ENGLISH LANGUAGE AMERICAN CULTURE TO ENGAGE WITH A PATIENT FROM NEPAL?

>> GREAT QUESTION.

ABOUT OF WE WRAP OUR SHOW TODAY, IT'S TIME FOR A MEDICAL STUDENT MINUTE.

WE'LL HEAR FROM MEDICAL PROFESSIONALS IN TRAINING ABOUT FASCINATING USEFUL AND UNUSUAL LESSONS THEY HAVE LEARNED IN MED SCHOOL.

THIS WEEK IN A WORLD OF CONSTANT NOTIFICATIONS AND SMART TECH COMPETING FOR OUR ATTENTION, MEDICAL STUDENT ARIANNA NASAM BREAKS DOWN MULTITASKING AND WHY IT MAY BE WORKING AGAINST US.

LET'S TAKE A LOOK.

>> HI, I'M MEDICAL STUDENT ON MULTITASKING, SOMETHING WE ALL THINK WE ARE GREAT AT.

TEXTING, SCROLLING, EMAILS ALL AT ONCE.

FEELS PRODUCTIVE, RIGHT?

WRONG.

STUDIES SHOW MULTITASKING CAN SLOW OUR REACTION TIME UP TO 40%.

IT INCREASES OUR MISTAKES AND STRESSES OUR BRAINS.

WE ARE NOT ACTUALLY DOING EVERYTHING AT ONCE, YOU GUYS.

WE ARE JUST FLIPPING BACK AND FORTH AND EVERY FLIP DRAINS OUR FOCUS.

(PHONE RINGING) HI, CAN'T TALK RIGHT NOW.

MAJOR FOCUS MODE.

TINY INTERRUPTS ROPINGSES LIKE THAT IS HOW FOCUS SLIPS AWAY.

WHAT HELPED ME?

NO SOCIAL MEDIA WHILE I STUDY.

I SIT AT AN ACTUAL DESK, NOT IN MY BED WITH A COZY TV ON.

ONE TASK AT A TIME.

THE RESULTS?

SHARPER THINKING, FASTER WORK AND BETTER EXAM SCORES.

SO, IF WE WANT TO GET THINGS DONE, LET'S GIVE THE BRAIN ONE THING AT A TIME.

SILENCE THE PHONE.

I'M ARYANNA AND THIS IS MY MED STUDENT MINUTE.

>> THAT'S ALL THE TIME WE HAVE.

I WANT TO THANK OUR GUEST Dr.

SERI FEE E, TEKIN AND Dr.

REBECCA ORTIZ, ENDOWED CHAIR OF PUBLIC COMMUNICATIONS AT S.U.

TO HEAR MORE FROM OUR GUESTS TODAY ON OUR NEW COMPANION COMMUNITY FM RADIO SHOW, CHECK UP FROM THE NECK UP, VISIT WCNY.ORG/COMMUNICATION FM AND IF WOULD YOU LIKE TO REVISIT THIS EPISODE AND OUR PAST SEASONS OF THE SHOW, VISIT WCNY.ORG/"CYCLE OF HEALTH."

OR MY WEBSITE, Dr.

NECK UP.ORG.

FOR "CYCLE OF HEALTH," I'M PSYCHOLOGIST Dr.

NECK UP RICH O'NEILL AND SEE NEXT WEEK AND DON'T FORGET TO UNPLUG ONCE IN A WHILE AND CONNECT WITH A PERSON.

IMAGINE THAT.

NEXT WEEK ON "CYCLE OF HEALTH..." Dr.

RICH AND COMPANY DISCUSS FACING A TERMINAL DIAGNOSIS AND HOW KNOWING YOUR OPTIONS CAN HELP YOU TO MAKE INFORMED CHOICES ABOUT YOUR QUALITY OF LIFE.

THEN WE SPEAK WITH JIM BRULEE AN END OF LIFE DUEL WHO EXPLAINS THE ROLE HE PLAYS IN END OF LIFE CARE.

>> MAYBE WE WILL DIE BEFORE THIS IS OVER.

>> YOU NEVER KNOW.

>> ON THE NEXT MEDICAL STUDENT MINUTE, EXPLAINING THE POTENTIAL DANGER OF HERBAL SUPPLEMENTS.

THAT'S COMING UP ON "CYCLE OF HEALTH."

THIS PROGRAM IS BROUGHT TO YOU BY THE MEMBERS OF WCNY.

THANK YOU.

>> CANCER, IT'S NOT JUST A DIAGNOSIS.

IT'S A COMPLEX OPPONENT, ONE THAT CAN ALTER THE COURSE OF YOUR LIFE.

EVERY MOVE, EVERY DECISION HOLDS TREMENDOUS WEIGHT.

ST.

JOSEPH'S HEALTH HAS PARTNERED WITH ROSWELL PARK, THE REGION'S ONLY NATIONALLY DESIGNATED COMPREHENSIVE CANCER CENTER TO OFFER YOU ACCESS TO PERSONALIZED THERAPIES AND LEADING ONCOLOGISTS RIGHT IN OUR COMMUNITY, AMONG THE MANY MOVES YOU CAN MAKE, THIS ONE HOLDS THE POWER TO CHANGE YOUR LIFE FOR THE BETTER.