>> HELLO, EVERYONE, AND WELCOME TO "AMANPOUR & CO."

HERE'S WHAT'S COMING UP.

>> THE PRESIDENT'S POLICY IS AHEAD FOR AN EYE.

HONESTLY, THAT'S WHAT IT'S GOING TO BE.

>> ESCALATION IN THE MIDDLE EAST, WITH THE U.S.

AND IRAN TRADING STRIKES, AND THE RED SEA NOW A POTENTIAL FLASH POINT, WE'LL DISCUSS THE IMPACT OF THIS WIDENING CONFLICT.

>> THEN -- >> IN BEIRUT -- >> "A SAD AND BEAUTRIFUL WORLD," THE POWERFUL FILM EXPLORING LIFE, LOVE, AND LOSS IN LEBANON, WHILE CONFLICT IS NEVER FAR AWAY.

DIRECTOR CYRIL ARIS JOINS ME.

>> PLUS -- >> WE HAVE ANOTHER HUGE CRISIS, AGAIN, WITH MASS MURDER, MASS RAPE, WITH STARVATION, AND WE HAVE THE SOUND OF SILENCE.

>> DEVASTATION IN SUDAN AND THE CATASTROPHIC HOLE LEFT BY USAID.

>> "AMANPOUR & CO."

IS MADE POSSIBLE BY --THE ANDERSON FAMILY ENDOWMENT, JIM ATTWOOD AND LESLIE WILLIAMS CANDACE KING WEIR THE SYLVIA A. AND SIMON B. POYTA PROGRAMING ENDOWMENT TO FIGHT ANTISEMITISM, THE STRAUS FAMILY FOUNDATION THE PETER G. PETERSON AND JOAN GANZ COONEY FUND, CHARLES ROSENBLUM MONIQUE SCHOEN WARSHAW KOO AND PATRICIA YUEN, COMMITTED TO BRIDGING CULTURAL DIFFERENCES IN OUR COMMUNITIES, BARBARA HOPE ZUCKERBERG AND BY CONTRIBUTIONS TO YOUR PBS STATION FROM VIEWERS LIKE YOU.

THANK YOU.

>> WELCOME TO THE PROGRAM, EVERYONE.

I'M BIANNA GOLODRYGA IN NEW YORK, SITTING IN FOR CHRISTIANE AMANPOUR.

AN EYE FOR AN EYE, A HEAD FOR AN EYE.

THE EXCHANGE OF THREATS AND TIT FOR TAT STRIKES BETWEEN THE U.S.

AND IRAN CONTINUES APACE TODAY.

AND TENSIONS ELSEWHERE IN THE MIDDLE EAST ARE RISING SIGNIFICANTLY WITH ATTACKS IN THE RED SEA MARKING A NEW FRONT IN THIS CONFLICT.

YEMEN'S IRAN-BACKED HOUTHIS CLAIM TO HAVE STRUCK TWO SAUDI OIL TANKERS THERE, SENDING GLOBAL OIL PRICES SOARING.

DONALD TRUMP SAYS TEHRAN WILL BE HELD ACCOUNTABLE FOR ANY FUTURE ATTACKS BY THE HOUTHIS, WARNING OF MAJOR MILITARY PUNISHMENT.

ALL THE WHILE, THE HUMAN COST OF THIS WAR IS BECOMING CLEARER WITH IRAN'S DEATH TOLL REPORTEDLY RISING.

E ING IN THE PAST DAY, AND OF COURSE 18 U.S.

TROOPS KILLED IN CONNECTION WITH THE WAR SINCE ITS START.

SO WHERE DOES IT GO FROM HERE?

WILL MORE LIVES BE PUT AT RISK?

MILITARY ANALYST AND RETIRED U.S.

AIR FORCE COLONEL CEDRIC LEIGHTON IS JOINING ME NOW FROM WASHINGTON.

COLONEL, GREAT TO HAVE YOU ON THE PROGRAM.

SO THE PRESIDENT IS TELLING AXIOS THAT WHILE HE HASN'T MADE A FIRM DECISION, HE IS CONTEMPLATING SERIOUSLY A MAJOR ATTACK ON IRAN, PERHAPS EVEN IN THE COMING DAYS.

WHAT OPTIONS DOES HE HAVE AT THIS POINT?

>> WELL, BIANNA, IT'S GREAT TO BE WITH YOU.

ONE OF THE THINGS HE DOES HAVE AN OPTION OF DOING IS USING INCREASED NUMBERS OF BOMBERS.

SO WE UNDERSTAND THAT THERE ARE MORE B- 1 BOMBERS THAT ARE HEADING TOWARD THE MIDDLE EAST.

THESE ARE INTERCONTINENTAL BOMBERS THAT FORMERLY WERE NUCLEAR CAPABLE.

THEY ARE NO LONGER NUCLEAR CAPABLE, BUT THEY CAN CARRY A VERY LARGE PAYLOAD OF CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS OF VARIOUS TYPES.

SO THIS WOULD INDICATE TO ME THAT THEY ARE POTENTIALLY GETTING READY ON THE U.S.

SIDE FOR A FURTHER ESCALATION OF STRIKES AGAINST MORE HARDENED TARGETS.

THESE HARDENED TARGETS COULD INCLUDE THINGS LIKE, OF COURSE, THE NUCLEAR SITES, THE SITES THAT ARE RELATED TO THAT.

IT COULD ALSO INDICATE THAT THEY MAY BE INTENSIFYING EFFORTS AGAINST INSTALLATIONS ALONG THE SOUTHERN COAST OF IRAN, ALONG THE PERSIAN GULF.

BUT THEY'VE BEEN STRIKING THAT FOR QUITE A BIT.

SO MAYBE COUPLED WITH STRIKES THAT ARE ALREADY GOING ON IN THE SOUTHERN COAST, THEY MAY BE EXPANDING STRIKES INTO THE CENTRAL AND NORTHERN PARTS OF ISSUE TO INCLUDE POTENTIALLY TARGETS AROUND TEHRAN.

SO THAT WOULD MEAN ADMINISTRATIVE, GOVERNMENT-TYPE INSTITUTIONS, AND POTENTIALLY GOING ALL THE WAY UP TO SEVER LINES OF COMMUNICATION BETWEEN IRAN AND COUNTRIES LIKE TURKMENISTAN, WHICH IS BASICALLY A RAIL BRIDGE BETWEEN IRAN AND RUSSIA AND CHINA.

SO THOSE ARE THE KINDS OF THINGS THAT THE U.S.

ADMINISTRATION COULD DO.

WHETHER OR NOT THEY ACTUALLY DO THEM, OF COURSE, IS SOMEWHAT OPEN TO QUESTION.

BUT THAT'S KIND OF THE PICTURE AS IT SEEMS TO BE RIGHT NOW.

>> DO YOU FORESEE THE USE, PERHAPS, OR DEPLOYMENT OF GROUND FORCES?

>> WELL, IT DEPENDS ON EXACTLY HERE WHAT THE GOALS ARE.

IF THEY ARE GOING TO ENSURE THE REOPENING OF THE STRAIT OF HORMUZ, IT WOULD BE LOGICAL TO POTENTIALLY DO THAT.

SO, OF COURSE, THAT WOULD BE A SIGNIFICANT STEP, A SIGNIFICANT ESCALATION.

AND IF THAT WERE TO HAPPEN, THAT WOULD CALL INTO QUESTION ALL KINDS OF OTHER THINGS.

AND IT WOULD POTENTIALLY RESULT IN A BIG BATTLE THAT COULD HAPPEN AROUND, LET'S SAY, BANDAR ABBAS, OR ANY OF THOSE AREAS IN SOUTHEASTERN IRAN.

NOW IF THAT WERE TO HAPPEN, THAT KIND OF A COMMITMENT WOULD, I THINK, TAX THE AMERICAN POLITICAL ESTABLISHMENT QUITE A BIT, BUT THERE'S ALSO AN ECONOMIC IMPERATIVE TO NOT ONLY STABILIZE THE OIL PRICE, BUT ALSO TO ENSURE THERE IS CONTINUED FLOW OF TRADE BETWEEN THE ARAB GULF STATES AND THE REST OF THE WORLD.

SO THERE ARE SEVERAL INCENTIVES IN PLAY HERE, AND IT IS IMPERATIVE THAT THE STRAIT OF HORMUZ BE REOPENED FOR COMMERCIAL SHIPPING.

>> YES.

AND WE'VE SEEN OIL PRICES CONTINUE TO SKYROCKET.

I THINK ONCE AGAIN SURPASSING $100 PER BARREL, AND THAT IS AFTER THE HOUTHIS CLAIMED TO HAVE SHOT TWO TANKERS AND ALSO THREATENED TO CLOSE BAB AL-MANDAB.

NOW YOU WOULD HAVE TWO CHOKE POINTS POTENTIALLY IF WE WERE TO GO DOWN THE PATH OF THE PRESIDENT DEPLOYING GROUND TROOPS.

WOULD THAT INCLUDE TROOPS SECURING BOTH THE STRAIT OF HORMUZ AND BAB AL-MANDAB STRAIT?

THAT WOULD CERTAINLY TAX AMERICAN GROUND FORCES CONSIDERABLY.

THERE OF COURSE IS A GROUND FORCE PRESENCE IN THE MIDDLE EAST RIGHT NOW, AND IT IS SUFFICIENT TO GO AFTER THE AREAS AROUND THE STRAIT OF HORMUZ.

NOW, IF YOU ADD THE BAB AL-MANDAB TO THAT, THAT IS IN TERMS OF THE CAPABILITY THAT IS IN PLACE RIGHT NOW TO DO THAT.

COULD IT BE DONE?

YES, THE UNITED STATES DOES HAVE THE CAPABILITY.

AND IF YOU TAKE THE TOTAL FORCES INTO ACCOUNT THAT THE UNITED STATES HAS, IT WOULD HAVE THE CAPABILITY TO DO SOMETHING LIKE THAT.

BUT THEN YOU HAVE TO ASK THE QUESTION, IT'S ONE THING TO TAKE OVER AREAS THAT ARE ADJACENT TO A STRAIT LIKE BAB AL-MANDAB OR THE STRAIT OF HORMUZ, AND WHAT DO YOU DO AFTER YOU TAKE THINGS OVER?

BECAUSE THESE AREAS WILL NOT BE UNCONTESTED.

THE LOCAL FORCES IN THE CASE OF BAB AL-MANDAB, OF COURSE YOU'D BE DEALING WITH THE HOUTHIS.

THEY HAVE A RESILIENCE THAT IS QUITE CONSIDERABLE, AS THE SAUDIS FOUND OUT WHEN THEY WERE TRYING TO, YOU KNOW, BASICALLY EXTRICATE THEM FROM YEMEN AND FROM CONTROLLING THE GOVERNMENT THERE.

THEY WERE NOT SUCCESSFUL IN DOING THAT.

AND THE SAME IS TRUE REALLY FOR THE IRANIANS, AT LEAST ON IRANIAN SIDE.

THE ADVANTAGE AS FAR AS THE STRUMDS IS STRAIT OF HORMUZ THAT THEY'RE ALREADY PREPOSITIONED FOR AN OPERATION IF THEY NEED TO DO IT.

BUT THEY REALLY DON'T HAVE THAT KIND OF PREPOSITIONING NEAR THE BAB AL-MANDAB AT THE MOMENT.

>> AND THE PRESIDENT SAYS ALSO THAT EVERY IRANIAN SHOT AT A SHIP IN THE STRAIT WILL COST IRAN, QUOTE, ONE BRIDGE OR POWER PLANT, INCLUDING IN TEHRAN.

WE'VE HAD CURRENT AND FORMER MILITARY OFFICIALS SAYING STRIKING INFRASTRUCTURE FOR POLITICAL PURPOSES ISN'T LAWFUL, EVEN IF PERHAPS THEY HAVE A DUAL USE FUNCTION, BOTH SUPPLYING THE MILITARY AND CIVILIANS.

CAN U.S.

TROOPS CARRY OUT AN ORDER LIKE THAT?

>> YEAH, IT GETS TO BE QUESTIONABLE AT A POINT LIKE THAT BECAUSE, LIKE YOU MENTIONED, DUAL USE FACILITIES SUCH AS POWER PLANTS, SUCH AS BRIDGES, THERE IS A BIT OF A GRAY ZONE WHEN IT COMES TO INTERNATIONAL LAW AND WHETHER OR NOT YOU CAN STRIKE TARGETS LIKE THAT.

IF THERE IS A PREPONDERANCE OF MILITARY USE, LET'S SAY A BRIDGE IS ADJACENT TO A MILITARY BASE OR WE SEE A MOVEMENT OF TANKS ALONG THAT BRIDGE OR SOMETHING LIKE THAT, THEN IT WOULD PROBABLY BE A LAWFUL TARGET.

WHEN IT COMES TO POWER PLANTS OR HEATING PLANTS, WHICH IRAN USES IN THE WINTERTIME, THAT COULD GET INTO MORE QUESTIONABLE TERRITORY BECAUSE THE EXACT PERCENTAGE OF WHO USES WHAT MIGHT BE A LITTLE BIT DIFFICULT TO DETERMINE AND WOULD PROBABLY VARY BY THE SEASON, BY THE TIME OF DAY, THINGS OF THAT NATURE.

SO IT COULD BE A DIFFICULT THING TO DETERMINE.

NOW, WHEN IT COMES TO AN ORDER LIKE THAT, GENERALLY SPEAKING, IF YOU'RE IN A TACTICAL SITUATION, YOU WILL TAKE A LOOK AT, YOU KNOW, THE SPECIFIC TARGETS THAT GET THE PROPER LEGAL ADVICE.

BUT IF THE LEGAL COURT IS DESIGNATED, LIKE IT IS IN THE CASE OF THE PENTAGON TODAY, THE LEGAL ADVICE MAY NOT BE AS TIMELY OR AS FORTHCOMING AS YOU MIGHT NEED FOR AN OPERATION LIKE THIS.

SO MILITARY WOULD PROBABLY CARRY OUT THESE ORDERS, BUT THERE WOULD BE A LOT OF QUESTIONS ABOUT THEM THAT COULD PUT THE UNITED STATES AT SOME RISK FROM A DIPLOMATIC PERSPECTIVE AS WELL AS A LEGAL PERSPECTIVE.

>> WELL, LET'S TALK ABOUT THE PENTAGON'S ROLE HERE.

WE HAVEN'T HAD AN OFFICIAL BRIEFING I DON'T BELIEVE SINCE MAY.

AND SECRETARY HEGSETH HAS BEEN TESTIFYING BEFORE SENATE THIS WEEK, ASKING FOR MORE SUPPLEMENTAL FUNDING.

HE SAID THAT THE WAR'S COST HAS JUMPED FROM $25 BILLION TO $37.

5 BILLION IN THREE MONTHS' TIME.

AND THAT THE PENTAGON WANTS TO SEE AN ADDITIONAL $70 BILLION IN EMERGENCY FUNDS.

THIS IS ALREADY IN ADDITION TO THE MORE THAN $1 TRILLION THAT THEY HAD ALREADY ASKED FOR IN THE BIG BEAUTIFUL BILL.

SENATOR MURRAY, DEMOCRAT, SAYS THAT THE PROBLEM HERE ISN'T THE MONEY.

IT IS THE PLANNING.

IS SHE RIGHT?

BECAUSE WE CONTINUE TO HEAR CONCERNS ABOUT PROCUREMENT AS WELL.

>> YEAH.

I THINK THAT IS CORRECT, BUT I THINK IT'S ACTUALLY BOTH ISSUES.

I THINK THERE IS A PROBLEM WITH THE MONEY AS WELL AS WITH THE PLANNING.

SO, YOU KNOW, IF WE TAKE A STEP BACK AND LOOK AT HOW THE MILITARY IS SUPPOSED TO PLAN FOR THINGS LIKE THAT, MILITARY IS SUPPOSED TO LOOK AT POSSIBLE CONTINGENCY OPERATIONS AND THE IDEA OF IRAN POTENTIALLY CLOSING THE STRAIT OF HORMUZ IS SOMETHING THAT IS NOT NEW.

IT IS SOMETHING THAT HAS BEEN PART OF THE MILITARY PLANNING LEXICON IN THE CENTCOM, CENTRAL COMMAND THEATER OF OPERATIONS FOR DECADES.

SO THAT FACT, THAT POSSIBILITY WAS SOMETHING THAT HAS BEEN PLANNED FOR.

NOW, THEN, THE QUESTION BECOMES OKAY, YOU THINK THEY'RE GOING TO DO SOMETHING LIKE THIS, THAT IS YOUR ADVERSARY IN THIS CASE, THAT IS IRAN, COULD POTENTIALLY DO SOMETHING LIKE THIS, THEN WHAT ARE THE RESOURCES YOU WOULD NEED IN ORDER TO MINIMIZE THAT POSSIBILITY OR PREVENT THAT POSSIBILITY FROM OCCURRING.

AND IT SEEMS TO ME, AT LEAST BASED ON MY EXPERIENCE, THAT WE REALLY HAVEN'T ADEQUATELY ASSESSED THE TYPES OF RESOURCES THAT ARE NEEDED TO DO SOMETHING LIKE THIS.

WE HAVE SOME THINGS IN PLACE THAT CAN TAKE THINGS OVER FOR A BRIEF PERIOD, A RELATIVELY BRIEF PERIOD.

BUT FOR A PERMANENT SOLUTION TO SOMETHING LIKE THIS AND BASICALLY TO SERVE AS A DETERRENT TO ACTIONS LIKE THIS, WE DON'T REALLY HAVE -- THE U.S.

DOESN'T REALLY HAVE THE MILITARY CAPABILITY AT THE MOMENT TO DO THAT.

SO THAT SHOULD HAVE BEEN RESOURCED FROM A PLANNING PERSPECTIVE.

OF COURSE, THERE ARE ALWAYS COMPETING REQUIREMENTS FOR BOTH PLANNERS AND BUDGET PEOPLE.

BUT THAT BECOMES THE TRADE OFF THAT HAS TO HAPPEN.

I THINK PEOPLE HAVE BEEN KIND OF EVER SINCE THE END OF THE COLD WAR, HAVE BEEN KIND OF LULLED INTO A FALSE SENSE OF SECURITY WHEN IT COMES TO MILITARY PLANNING PURPOSES.

THE REASON I GO ALL THE WAY BACK TO THE COLD WAR, IS WHEN YOU LOOK AT THE GLOBAL WAR ON TERROR AND ALL THE POST-9/11 EVENTS THAT HAVE HAPPENED WITH THE MILITARY IN THE U.S.

AND OF COURSE HOW WE PROJECTED OUR POWER, THE BASIC IDEA WAS YOU HAD THIS --THE MILITARY THAT WAS FIGHTING A WAR WITH A DIFFERENT KIND OF ADVERSARY, AN ADVERSARY THAT DIDN'T HAVE AIR POWER OR DRONES IN SIGNIFICANT NUMBERS OR A NAVAL FORCE OF FAST BOATS AND MINES.

SO THAT'S THE KIND OF THING THAT WE HAVE TO PLAN FOR IN A CASE LIKE IRAN.

AND WE DIDN'T NEED TO PLAN FOR THAT IN THE CASE OF IRAQ OR IN THE CASE OF AFGHANISTAN.

>> YEAH.

THE LAST PLACE THAT I THINK CONGRESS WOULD SAY THEY WANT TO CUT COSTS OR CUT CORNERS IS THE MILITARY AND PROTECTING OUR BRAVE TROOPS, 18 AS WE'VE ALREADY NOTED SERVICE MEMBERS HAVE BEEN KILLED SINCE THIS WAR BEGAN.

THE PRESIDENT RECEIVED THE REMAINS OF FOUR SERVICE MEMBERS AT DOVER YESTERDAY.

THIS RAISES THEN THE QUESTION NOT JUST OF FUNDING TO PROTECT THEM AND TO I GUESS PURSUE U.S.

POLICIES AND STRATEGY.

ACCOMPANYING THAT SHOULD BE TRANSPARENCE IT IS.

THAT IS WHAT FORMER DEFENSE SECRETARY CHUCK HAGEL TOLD ME WHEN I SPOKE WITH HIM EARLIER THIS WEEK ABOUT THIS ISSUE.

AND HERE'S WHAT HE SAID ON THAT POINT OF TRANSPARENCY.

>> MAYBE IT'S A JUST WAR.

MAYBE EVERYTHING WE'RE DOING IS JUST.

HOW DO WE KNOW THAT?

>> YEAH.

>> THERE'S BEEN NO TRANSPARENCY.

NOBODY FROM THE ADMINISTRATION.

WE HEAR THE PRESIDENT EVERY DAY, BUT EVERYTHING HE SAID IS JUST BASICALLY NOT TRUE AND THEN HE CHANGES HIS --HIS APPROACH THE NEXT DAY.

>> SO WHAT ARE THE FAMILIES OF THE FALLEN, YOU KNOW --SET ASIDE CONGRESS.

WHAT ARE THE FAMILIES OF THE FALLEN, WHAT DO THEY DESERVE TO HEAR ABOUT THE SACRIFICE THAT THEIR LOVED ONES HAVE MADE?

>> WELL, I THINK THE TRITE PHRASE "HONESTY IS THE BEST POLICY" IS REALLY APROPOS IN A SITUATION LIKE THIS.

AND SECRETARY HAGEL IS ABSOLUTELY RIGHT.

THE PRESIDENT MISSED A GREAT OPPORTUNITY TO IN ESSENCE PREPARE THE NATION AND THE WORLD FOR ACTIONS AGAINST IRAN.

IF HE HAD THE KIND OF PRECIPITATING INTELLIGENCE THAT SAID OKAY, IRAN IS ACTUALLY GOING TO DO WHAT HE ALLEGED IRAN WAS DOING.

BUT IF YOU DON'T HAVE SOMETHING LIKE THAT, THEN IT BECOME S NOT ONLY DIFFICULT, BUT ALSO WRONG TO GO IN AND CONDUCT OPERATIONS LIKE THIS BECAUSE YOU'RE DOING IT WITHOUT A PRECEPT, WITHOUT A CAUSE.

AND YOU'RE DOING IT JUST BECAUSE YOU CAN.

SO IF THAT'S THE CASE, WE'RE IN KIND OF DIFFICULT STRAITS HERE.

BUT AT THE VERY LEAST, BOTH THE PRESIDENT AND THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE NEED TO BE AS HONEST AS POSSIBLE, CERTAINLY WITH THE FAMILIES OF THE FALLEN, BUT REALLY THE FAMILIES OF ALL THE TROOPS THAT ARE DEPLOYED TO A WAR ZONE OF ANY TYPE, ESPECIALLY ONE LIKE THIS.

AND WHEN YOU LOOK AT THE SACRIFICES THAT THE FALLEN HAVE MADE, THERE IS A LOT OF SECONDGUESSING THAT HAPPENS IN SITUATIONS LIKE THAT.

BUT ONE OF THE THINGS THAT IS CRITICAL IS HOW WELL ARE YOU PROTECTING THOSE SERVICE MEMBERS FROM POSSIBLE INCIDENTS AND CONSEQUENCES LIKE THIS.

AND, YOU KNOW, IT SEEMS TO ME THAT SOME OF THE PROTECTS FOR SOME OF THE BASES IN PLACES LIKE SAUDI ARABIA, IN JORDAN, KUWAIT, AND OF COURSE IRAQ, THOSE PROTECTIONS WERE NOT ADEQUATE.

AND IF THAT'S TRUE, THEN THERE IS A LOT THAT NEEDS TO BE DONE THERE.

SO, I DIDN'T, YOU GO BACK TO THE BUDGET PART OF THIS.

THE BUDGET ALSO NEEDS TO TAKE INTO ACCOUNT THE NEED TO CONDUCT FORCE PROTECTION MISSIONS IN ADDITION TO OPERATIONAL MISSIONS AGAINST AN ADVERSARY.

SO OUR TROOPS NEED TO BE PROTECTED.

THEY'RE A PRECIOUS RESOURCE.

AND IF THEY AREN'T PROTECTED, THEN WE FAILED THEM.

>> YES, SOME VULNERABILITIES CLEARLY HAVE BEEN EXPOSED OVER THE PAST FEW MONTHS.

LET ME FINALLY ASK YOU ABOUT THE CHANGES IN LEADERSHIP THAT WE'VE SEEN IN UKRAINE IN THEIR MILITARY.

IT'S LED TO STREETWIDE PROTESTS WHEN PRESIDENT ZELENSKYY FIRED A VERY POPULAR DEFENSE MINISTER.

HE THEN SUBSEQUENTLY FIRED HIS TOP GENERAL AS WELL BECAUSE THE TWO MEN DID NOT GET ALONG.

COMPLETELY DIFFERENT VISIONS AS TO THE DIRECTION OF THIS WAR, DIFFERENT GENERATIONS AS WELL.

NOW PRESIDENT ZELENSKYY HAS REPLACED HIS TOP GENERAL, AND REPORTEDLY, THE FORMER DEFENSE MINISTER WILL ONLY COME BACK IF HE HAS HIS JOB.

THERE'S OPPORTUNITY HERE, CLEARLY, WITH THIS NEW GENERAL APPOINTED TO CONTINUE TO PURSUE SOME OF THE INROADS THEY'VE MADE TECHNOLOGICALLY, BUT HOW CONCERNED ARE YOU ABOUT HOW THIS CAME ABOUT?

>> YOU KNOW, IN A SITUATION LIKE THIS, UNLESS YOU'RE INFLICTING CHAOS ON YOUR ADVERSARY AND YOU DON'T NEED ANY BASICALLY SELF-INFLICTED WOUNDS, YOU KNOW, THAT COME ABOUT WHEN THERE IS THIS OPEN TYPE OF RIFT BETWEEN A MINISTER OF DEFENSE AND A COMMANDER IN CHIEF OF THE UKRAINIAN ARMED FORCES.

SO GENERAL SYRSKYI, THE FORMER COMMANDER IN CHIEF OF THE UKRAINIAN ARMED FORCES WAS SOMEBODY WHO WAS SCHOOLED IN THE OLD SOVIET STYLE OF DOING THINGS.

AND CERTAINLY HE WAS AN ABLE OFFICER.

BUT WHEN YOU COMBINE THAT KIND OF EXPERIENCE, AND SOMETIMES IT'S HARD FOR MILITARY PEOPLE --AND I SAY THIS AS A MILITARY PERSON.

SOMETIMES IT'S HARD FOR MILITARY PEOPLE TO COME INTO AN INNOVATIVE CYCLE AND ACTUALLY TRULY INNOVATE THE WAY AND MANNER IN WHICH THEY CONDUCT WARFARE.

>> YEAH.

>> UKRAINE IS A PLACE WHERE IT'S BASICALLY A LABORATORY FOR A LOT OF DIFFERENT POWERS, INCLUDING THE U.S., RUSSIA, CHINA.

EVERYBODY IS WATCHING THIS.

AND THE KEY THING IS THAT, YOU KNOW, FORMER DEFENSE MINISTER FEDOROV, WHO IS REALLY, REALLY GOOD AT INNOVATION AND THE WAY IN WHICH HE CONDUCTED HIMSELF CERTAINLY GOT RESULTS AS FAR AS WE CAN SEE LOOKING IN FROM THE OUTSIDE.

BUT THE KEY IS TO HAVE A MILITARY THAT SUPPORTS THOSE EFFORTS.

AND I THINK ONE OF THE THINGS THAT PRESIDENT ZELENSKYY WILL NEED TO DO IS TO MAKE SURE THAT PEOPLE UNDERSTAND, NUMBER ONE, THERE IS CIVILIAN IN A DEMOCRACY LIKE UKRAINE, THERE IS CIVILIAN CONTROL OF THE MILITARY, BUT THE MILITARY MUST ALSO EXECUTE AS BEST AS IT CAN.

AND ONCE IT HAS RECEIVED ORDERS THAT CAN BE CARRIED OUT IN A WAY THAT ALLOWS THEM TO NOT ONLY MAINTAIN THE SOVEREIGNTY OF UKRAINE BUT ALSO PROSECUTE THE WAR BEYOND UKRAINE'S BORDERS.

>> YEAH.

I'M SORRY, WE'RE JUST TIGHT ON TIME, THERE BUT WE'LL CONTINUE TO WATCH THAT SPACE CLOSELY AS WELL AS DEVELOPMENTS IN IRAN.

COLONEL CEDRIC LEIGHTON, THANK YOU FOR THE TIME.

REALLY APPRECIATE IT.

>> YOU BET, BIANNA, THANKS SO MUCH.

>> AND NOW TO LEBANON.

THIS WEEK LEBANESE PRESIDENT JOSEPH AOUN VISITED THE WHITE HOUSE SEEKING SUPPORT AS HIS ARMY MOVES INTO THE SOUTH, TAKING OVER NEWLY ESTABLISHED PILOT ZONES FROM ISRAELI FORCES.

BUT AWAY FROM WASHINGTON AND THE BORDER, LEBANON IS MAKING ITS VOICE HEARD ON A VERY DIFFERENT STAGE.

"A SAD AND BEAUTRIFUL WORLD" WAS THE COUNTRY'S OFFICIAL OSCAR SUBMISSION LAST YEAR.

IT FOLLOWS TWO CHILDHOOD SWEETHEARTS REUNITING AS ADULTS, THEIR ROMANCE TESTED BY DECADES OF NATIONAL TRAUMA FROM THE CIVIL WAR TO THE 2019 FINANCIAL COLLAPSE.

HERE IS A CLIP FROM THE TRAILER.

>> AND THE FILM'S DIRECTOR CYRIL ARIS JOINS ME NOW.

CYRIL, WELCOME TO THE SHOW.

I LOVED THIS MOVIE, EVERY MINUTE OF IT, THE CHEMISTRY, THE STORY PLOT.

IT WAS JUST EXTREMELY RIVETING, AND I KNOW YOU WROTE IT IN 2019.

THE SCRIPT FOR THIS FILM.

FOLLOWING THAT, YOU HAD THE REVOLUTION, THE FINANCIAL COLLAPSE, THE PORT EXPLOSION, COVID, AND WAR, ALL BEFORE CAMERAS EVEN BEGAN TO ROLL.

SO I'M CURIOUS.

HOW DIFFERENT IS THE FILM THAT YOU ULTIMATELY MADE FROM THE ORIGINAL SCRIPT YOU WROTE?

>> YES, IT WAS QUITE DIFFERENT, YOU KNOW, BECAUSE WHEN I FIRST STARTED WRITING THE SCRIPT, LEBANON WAS IN A VERY DIFFERENT PLACE.

AND, YOU KNOW, YOU JUST MENTIONED ALL OF THE EVENTS THAT WE WENT THROUGH.

AND JUST HEARING ABOUT THEM IS QUITE TIRING.

BUT REALLY, I WANTED TO EXPLORE OUR RELATIONSHIP WITH LEBANON, WHICH IS A COUNTRY THAT WE LOVE AND WERE DEEPLY ATTACHED TO, BUT ALSO IT'S A COUNTRY THAT MAKES US SUFFER BECAUSE OF ALL THE POLITICAL EVENTS, ALL THE REGIONAL CONFLICTS.

SO IT WAS A WAY TO EXPLORE THAT RELATIONSHIP, THAT LOVING RELATIONSHIP AND THAN LOVE-HATE RELATIONSHIP WE HAVE WITH THE COUNTRY THROUGH THESE TWO CHARACTERS.

BECAUSE, YES, IT IS A COUNTRY THAT GOES THROUGH CRISIS AND WARS AND TURMOIL, BUT IT'S ALSO A BEAUTIFUL COUNTRY, AND WE NEEDED TO HONOR THAT AS WELL.

>> A COUNTRY YOU LOVE UNCONDITIONALLY, BUT ALSO CONTINUES TO BREAK YOUR HEART.

AND THAT IS CLEAR IN THE STORY PLOT HERE AND THE LOVE STORY BETWEEN THESE TWO CHARACTERS.

I KNOW THE PRODUCTION OF THIS FILM, IT SOUNDS ALMOST AS DRAMATIC AS THE SCRIPT ITSELF.

YOU WERE ROLLING CAMERAS IN BEIRUT WHILE ISRAELI JETS WERE BREAKING THE SOUND BARRIER OVERHEAD.

HOW DO YOU NAVIGATE THAT AS A DIRECTOR TO KEEP YOUR CREW, YOUR ACTORS FOCUSED ON THE MOVIE WHILE REAL-LIFE EVENTS ARE IMPACTING THE FILMING?

>> IT'S A GREAT QUESTION.

IT'S EITHER WE DON'T DO IT AND WE JUST SUCCUMB TO THE OVERWHELMING DARKNESS THAT REIGNS OVER OUR COUNTRY, OR WE KEEP MAKING ART, KEEP BUILDING, KEEP HOPING, KEEP CONSTRUCTING.

AND WE DO THIS THROUGH ART.

BUT YES, IT IS TRUE THAT WHEN WE WERE IN PRODUCTION, THE SOUTH PART OF LEBANON WAS BEING BOMBED ON A DAILY BASIS, AND IT STILL, DESPITE ALL THE CEASEFIRES.

AND WE WERE CONSTANTLY UNDER, YOU KNOW, READING THE NEWS OF THREATS FROM THE ISRAELI SIDE THAT WE WILL TURN BEIRUT INTO ANOTHER GAZA AND ALL OF THAT.

BUT WE'RE KIND OF ACCUSTOMED TO THESE SITUATIONS, AND WE DO ART IN SPITE OF THAT.

AND TO REALLY PROVE OUR EXISTENCE AND TO KEEP HOPING AND DREAMING THROUGH ART.

>> AND THE LOVE STORY CONTINUES THROUGHOUT ALL OF THIS CHAOS BETWEEN NINO AND YASMINA.

THESE ARE TWO DESTINED TO BE TOGETHER, BORN A MINUTE APART IN A WORLD OF CHAOS.

AND THAT IS SUBSEQUENTLY THE LIFE THAT THEY FIND THEMSELVES IN FOR DECADES TO GO AND TO FOLLOW.

THEY WERE CHILDHOOD SWEETHEARTS.

THEY'RE REUNITED YEARS LATER.

IT'S A ROMANTIC COMEDY-DRAMA.

AND YOU TALK ABOUT LEBANESE HIRAM AS SORT OF A SHIELD AGAINST DARKNESS.

AND THAT'S NOT EXCLUSIVE TO JUST LEBANESE HUMOR, THERE ARE A LOT OF CULTURES IN THE WORLD THAT CAN RELATE TO THAT.

JUST TALK ABOUT INCLUDING THAT HUMOR WHILE ALSO NOT NEGATING THE VERY DIFFICULT SUBJECT MATTERS AROUND IT.

>> OF COURSE, I THINK THIS PARADOX AND THIS BALANCE IS EMBEDDED IN THE TITLE ITSELF.

"A SAD AND BEAUTRIFUL WORLD. "

I THINK WHEN WE THINK OF ARAB CINEMA AND LEBANON, WE OFTEN THINK OF WARS, DRAMA, TRAGEDY, BUT WE ARE SO MUCH MORE THAN THAT.

AND IN OUR CULTURES, AND IN MEDITERRANEAN CULTURES AND ARAB CULTURES, WE DO USE HUMOR AND COMEDY AS MEANS OF SURVIVAL.

WE LAUGH AT THE SITUATION.

WE LAUGH AT OURSELVES, BECAUSE THAT'S THE ONLY THING WE KIND OF HAVE LEFT.

SO IT WAS QUITE IMPORTANT FOR ME TO KEEP THAT TONE IN THE FILM, BECAUSE I THINK THIS IS --THIS IS VERY TRUE TO OUR IDENTITY.

COMEDY IS PART OF OUR IDENTITY.

AND IT'S OUR TOOL OF SURVIVAL.

>> LET'S SEE ONE OF THOSE ROMANTIC COMEDY MOMENTS WHERE YASMINA DECIDES LAST-MINOT TO LEAVE FOR A JOB PROSPECT IN GERMANY.

>> THEIR CHEMISTRY IS JUST --IT IS PALPABLE.

BUT IT ALSO SPEAKS TO, AS WE BEGAN THIS CONVERSATION, NOT ONLY A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TWO PEOPLE WHO ARE VERY MUCH IN LOVE, BUT ALSO THE RELATIONSHIP THEY HAVE, YOU HAVE, MANY HAVE WITH LEBANON.

>> YES.

YOU KNOW, IT'S -- THEY'RE DEEPLY AFFECTED BY THE SOCIAL AND THE POLITICAL CONTEXT HAPPENING AROUND THEM.

AND IT FEELS THAT EVEN THOUGH THEY'RE FATED TO BE TOGETHER AND THEY HAVE THIS GREAT LOVE STORY, THE COUNTRY KEEPS SEPARATING THEM BECAUSE OF THE CIRCUMSTANCES.

YASMINA FINDS HERSELF DRAWN TO, YOU KNOW, MOVING ABROAD TO MIGRATION.

AND HE'S DEEPLY AFFECTED, AND HE'S MUCH MORE ROOTED IN LEBANON AND IN WANTING TO BUILD SOMETHING THERE.

SO YES, IN A WAY THEIR RELATIONSHIP BECOMES A REFLECTION OF THE SOCIAL POLITICAL CONTEXT THAT THEY GREW UP IN AND THEY EVOLVE.

IN.

>> AND NINO, BOTH OF THESE --BOTH OF NINO AND YASMINA HAVE LIVES THAT HAVE BEEN MARKED BY TRAGEDY.

NINO ORPHANED AT A YOUNG AGE.

HIS PARENTS WERE TRAGICALLY KILLED.

YASMINA'S PARENTS DIVORCED AND SHE NEVER REALLY MADE CONTACT WITH HER FATHER AGAIN.

AND THE WAY NINO, WHO IS SORT OF THE FILM'S OPTIMIST HAS COPED WITH THIS TRAGEDY IS TO ENVISION AN ISLAND, A UTOPIA THAT HE CONSTANTLY GOES TO.

AND IT'S BECOME SORT OF A METAPHOR IN THE FILM.

WHAT DOES THAT ISLAND REPRESENT?

>> THE ISLAND IS -- IT'S SO MANY THINGS, YOU KNOW.

WELL, FIRST OF ALL, IT GETS THE CONCEPT OF THE ISLAND IS COMES FROM THE GRANDFATHER OF NINO, AND IT'S HOW HE EXPLAINS DEATH TO LITTLE NINO.

HE JUST TELLS HIM THAT YOUR PARENTS HAVE JUST BEEN AWAY.

THEY'VE BEEN TO THIS BEAUTIFUL ISLAND.

AND HE TURNS THIS VERY DARK CONCEPT OF DEATH INTO SOMETHING MORE FANTASTICAL, SOMETHING MORE MAGICAL AND MORE LYRICAL.

AND LITTLE NINO DESCRIBES THE ISLAND TO LITTLE YASMINA, AND SHE APPROPRIATES THE ISLAND, AND IT BECOMES FOR HER THIS PLACE WHERE HER FAMILY IS HAPPY, THEY'RE INTACT, WHERE DIVORCE IS NOT HAPPENING, WHERE SHE'S NOT FORCED TO CHOOSE BETWEEN HER PARENTS.

AND THE ISLAND BECOMES REALLY THEIR SAFE HAVEN, THEIR SPECIAL PLACE THAT THEY GO TO WHENEVER THINGS GET TOUGH AROUND THEM, IT'S THEIR PLACE, IT'S ETERNAL LOVE, IT'S THIS PARADISE.

AND I THINK WHAT THE FILM IS ALSO TRYING TO SUGGEST IS THAT THIS ISLAND COULD BE LEBANON IF WE CHOOSE TO SEE IT THIS WAY.

>> YEAH.

THERE'S A SCENE I'D LIKE TO PLAY A CLIP FROM WHERE NINO TRIES TO CONVINCE YASMINA TO SELL HIS RESTAURANT AND STAY IN BEIRUT.

LET'S PLAY IT.

>> SO ONCE AGAIN, NINO THE OPTIMIST, CHOOSING TO CLING TO HIS HOMELAND.

YASMINA CAN'T JUSTIFY IT.

I'M WONDERING WHERE YOU FIND YOURSELF.

WHICH CHARACTER DO YOU IDENTIFY WITH MORE?

>> IT'S THE ETERNAL QUESTION THAT WE ALL HAVE AS LEBANESE.

AND I THINK WE FIND OURSELVES SOMETIMES WE'RE CLOSER TO NINO, SOMETIMES WE'RE CLOSER TO YASMINA, DEPENDING, AGAIN, ON THE STATE OF THE COUNTRY.

I THINK RATIONALLY THINKING, WE'RE ALL CLOSER TO YASMINA.

WE'RE ALL CYNICAL BECAUSE WE SEE REALITY AS IT IS.

BUT AT HEART, WE'RE ALL CLOSER TO NINO.

WE WANT TO BELIEVE IN SOMETHING A LITTLE BRIGHTER.

SO I THINK WE'RE ALL WITHIN THAT SPECTRUM, AND IT REALLY DEPENDS ON WHAT WE'RE GOING THROUGH.

>> AND EVERYONE IN THIS FILM, I MEAN, SO MANY OF THESE CHARACTERS EVENTUALLY LEAVE.

YASMINA AND AMAL, THEIR YOUNG DAUGHTER TO GERMANY.

THE RESTAURANT STAFF TO THE GULF, AND SADLY, NINO'S GRANDFATHER.

YOU JUST SEE THE DYSFUNCTION IN THE COUNTRY IN HOW THIS POOR MAN DIED IN AN AMBULANCE, STUCK IN TRAFFIC.

>> YEAH, THIS IS BASED ON A REAL EVENT.

THAT'S BASED ON -- IT WAS IN 2019 OR 2020.

AND THERE WAS AN AMBULANCE THAT WAS STUCK IN TRAFFIC BECAUSE THERE WAS A POLITICAL CONVOY OF SOME MINISTER OR SOME PARLIAMENT MEMBER THAT WAS PASSING.

AND WHEN I SAW THAT, I FOUND IT SO SHOCKING, AND I FOUND THE VISUAL TO BE A METAPHOR OF EVERYTHING THAT'S GOING WRONG IN THE COUNTRY.

>> AND THE REAL NADER OF THE CONFLICT AND YET GOING BACK TO THIS CONSTANT HOPE FOR LEBANON.

JUST THIS WEEK PRESIDENT AOUN VISITED THE WHITE HOUSE.

HE IS THE FIRST LEBANESE LEADER THERE IN NEARLY 20 YEARS.

>> YEAH.

>> AND HE PLEDGED TO END HOSTILITIES IN THE COUNTRY AND WITH ISRAEL AS WELL FOREVER.

HERE'S WHAT HE TOLD MY COLLEAGUE, CHRISTIANE AMANPOUR, LAST MONTH.

>> WE ARE FED UP.

SINCE 1969, WE WANT TO LIVE IN PEACE, AND THEY DESERVE TO LIVE IN PEACE.

AND IN DIGNITY.

THEY DESERVE NOT SEEING THEIR HOMES BEING DESTROYED EVERY FIVE TO TEN YEARS.

>> IS THIS THE ISLAND THAT NINO'S ENVISIONING?

>> WELL, WE CAN ESPECIALLY HOPE SO, BUT I DO AGREE WITH OUR PRESIDENT IS THAT, YOU KNOW, LIKE MY GENERATION, WE'VE KNOWN CRISIS AND WAR.

MY PARENTS' GENERATION AS WELL, MY GRANDPARENTS' GENERATION.

AT SOME POINT THIS NEEDS TO END.

WE SHOULD ENVISION AN ISLAND, A PEACEFUL ISLAND.

AND THE WAY IT'S DESCRIBED IN THE FILM IS IT'S A PLACE WHERE THERE ARE NO WARS, NO MISSILES, NO HOSTILITIES.

AND I THINK AFTER DECADES AND DECADES AND DECADES OF WAR AND CRISIS, I THINK WE DESERVE A BREAK.

AND THAT'S CERTAINLY WHAT MY GENERATION TRIES TO FIGHT FOR.

IN 2019 WE HAD LIKE A MAJOR POPULAR UPRISING THAT WE LIKE TO CALL A REVOLUTION AGAINST THE POLITICAL CLASS AT THE TIME.

AND AGAINST ALL OF THESE CONFLICTS THAT WE DO NOT WANT TO BE VICTIMS OF AND SUBJECTED TO.

>> AND THERE IS SO MUCH TALENT.

THERE IS SO MUCH BEAUTY, THERE IS SO MUCH THAT LEBANON HAS TO OFFER THE WORLD, INCLUDING ITS FOOD.

AND I HAVE TO SAY FOOD IS A SEPARATE CHARACTER IN AND OF ITSELF IN THIS FILM.

NINO'S RESTAURANT, IT'S LEBANESE FOOD.

I THINK WITH SORT OF A HINT OF ITALIAN FLARE AS WELL.

AGAIN, THIS IS ONE OF THOSE THEMES THAT CAN BE IDENTIFIED AROUND THE WORLD IN MULTIPLE CULTURES, CONNECTING PEOPLE THROUGH FOOD.

TALK ABOUT --TALK THAN PART OF THE FILM.

>> YEAH, YEAH, THAT'S THE BEST PART.

THAT'S MY FAVORITE PART IS FOOD.

AGAIN, IT'S VERY MUCH PART OF OUR IDENTITY.

AND ALL OF OUR GATHERING, LIKE FAMILY GATHERING OR, YOU KNOW, GATHERING WITH FRIENDS, IT'S ALWAYS REVOLVING AROUND FOOD, THESE HUGE TABLES OF LIKE 20, 25 PEOPLE, AND YOU HAVE ALL OF THIS FOOD ON THE TABLE.

AND HERE IN THE FILM, BASICALLY, NINO INHERITS THIS RESTAURANT FROM HIS PARENTS.

AND BEFORE THAT FROM HIS GRANDFATHER.

AND HE'S ALWAYS TRYING TO BLEND --TO MAKE IT MORE RELEVANT.

SO HE TAKES LEBANESE CUISINE AND HE BLENDS IT WITH FLAVORS FROM THE MEDITERRANEAN CUISINE, JUST IN ORDER TO BE RELEVANT.

AND THEN WE KIND OF SEE IN THE FILM THE EVOLUTION OR THE STATE OF THE COUNTRY THROUGH THE FOOD.

AND THE PART WHERE LEBANON IS PEACEFUL AND VIBRANT, WE SEE THAT FOOD IS A BAND-AID, IT'S COLORFUL, IT'S QUITE SATURATED.

BUT THEN WHEN THE COUNTRY IS FALLING APART, A METAPHOR OF THE RECENT YEARS, WE SEE THAT FOOD BECOMES MORE BLAND, AND IT KIND OF DISAPPEARS.

IT TAKES A BIT OF A STORYTELLING ELEMENT.

AND ALSO, I WANTED TO USE FOOD BECAUSE I THINK THAT IN FILM, WE'RE VERY MUCH BASED ON SIGHT AND SOUNDS, RIGHT.

SO IT'S VISUALS AND WHAT WE HEAR.

BUT VERY RARELY YOU HAVE THE SENSE OF TASTE THAT IS ENABLED IN THE CINEMA.

AND EVERY TIME I SEE FILMS THAT HAVE FOOD, I'M ALWAYS KIND OF HUNGRY.

I ALWAYS FEEL THERE IS THIS EXTRA SENSE THAT'S BEING ENABLED.

AND SO WE'RE SO POPULAR FOR OUR FOOD AND OUR CUISINE, I REALLY WANTED TO INCLUDE THAT IN THE FILM AND ENABLE THAT SENSE OF TASTE AND THAT HUNGER FOR LEBANESE FOOD.

>> OH, FOR SURE.

GUESS WHAT I --GUESS WHAT I WAS WANTING TO ORDER AND EAT THAT NIGHT AFTER WATCHING THAT FILM.

THAT'S WHAT I WAS CRAVING, LEBANESE FOOD.

AND ONE THING I KNOW, NEVER ORDER LETTUCE OR ASK FOR SALT.

>> FOR SURE!

>> IT IS A PHENOMENAL FILM.

THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR JOINING US, AND THANK YOU FOR SHARING IT.

WE REALLY APPRECIATE IT.

I HOPE EVERYONE GETS A CHANCE TO SEE IT.

>> THANKS.

THANKS FOR HAVING ME.

THE FILM WILL OPEN IN SELECT THEATERS ACROSS THE COUNTRY ON FRIDAY.

AND IT'S PLAYING AT VAN'S CINEMA TONIGHT.

>> FANTASTIC.

CYRIL ARIS, CONGRATULATIONS.

THANK YOU FOR JOINING US.

>> THANK YOU.

>> NOW TO THE GROWING HUMANITARIAN CRISIS IN SUDAN.

NICHOLAS KRISTOF IS A "NEW YORK TIMES" COLUMNIST WHO HAS LONG COVERED FOREIGN ISSUES.

HE JOINS MICHEL MARTIN TO DISCUSS HIS REPORTING FROM SUDAN AND WHAT HE CALLS A DISCOURAGING LACK OF GLOBAL ATTENTION TO THE CATASTROPHE.

>> NICK KRISTOF, THANKS SO MUCH FOR JOINING US ONCE AGAIN.

>> GOOD TO BE WITH YOU.

>> YOU HAVE SPENT, I DON'T KNOW, DECADES REPORTING ON CONFLICTS, HUMANITARIAN CRISES.

RECENTLY, YOU'VE BEEN REPORTING ON SUDAN.

YOU SAY IT'S THE WORLD'S WORST HUMANITARIAN CRISIS.

YOU'RE NOT THE ONLY PERSON WHO SAID THAT.

AND YET IT DOES NOT SEEM TO BE PENETRATING THE WORLD'S CONSCIOUSNESS THE WAY OTHER CRISES HAVE IN THE PAST.

IN FACT, EVEN THE WAY OTHER CRISES ARE NOW.

AND I JUST WONDER WHY YOU THINK THAT IS.

>> YOU KNOW, MICHEL, I JUST FIND IT SO DISCOURAGING BECAUSE 20 YEARS AGO THERE REALLY WAS A GLOBAL OUTCRY ABOUT THE DARFUR GENOCIDE, AND IT MADE A DIFFERENCE.

THERE ARE HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OF PEOPLE WHO ARE ALIVE TODAY BECAUSE THERE WERE PROTESTS ON AMERICAN UNIVERSITIES, BECAUSE THERE WAS PRESSURE FROM THE ADMINISTRATION AT THE TIME.

AND THIS TIME WE HAVE ANOTHER HUGE CRISIS, AGAIN, WITH MASS MURDER, MASS RAPE, WITH STARVATION, AND WE HAVE THE SOUND OF SILENCE.

AND, YOU KNOW, IN FACT, I THINK THIS TIME IT MIGHT EVEN BE EASIER FOR PUBLIC PRESSURE TO HAVE AN IMPACT BECAUSE THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES IS FUNDING ONE OF THE MILITIAS THAT IS PARTICULARLY RESPONSIBLE FOR ATROCITIES.

THE U.S., BOTH TRUMP AND BIDEN SAID THAT THAT MILITIA WAS COMMITTING GENOCIDE.

AND I THINK THE UAE IS EMBARRASSABLE.

I THINK THAT IF THERE WERE AN OUTCRY, THEY WOULD WITHDRAW THEIR SUPPORT FROM THAT MILITIA, OR AT LEAST INSIST THAT IT WITHDRAW.

AND YET WE HAVE BEEN UNWILLING TO USE THAT LEVERAGE, EITHER THE ADMINISTRATION OR THE PUBLIC AS A WHOLE.

SO PEOPLE ARE DYING EVERY DAY.

>> GIVE ME A SENSE OF THE SCOPE OF THE PROBLEM.

I'VE REPORTED ON THIS.

I HAD THE OPPORTUNITY TO GET TO AT LEAST TO THE BORDER OF SUDAN TRAVELING THROUGH CHAD.

AND AT THE TIME, I WENT GOSH, MAYBE TWO YEARS AGO, THERE WERE ALREADY MILLIONS OF PEOPLE WHO HAD BEEN DISPLACED.

NOW AT THIS POINT, WHAT IS IT, SOMETHING LIKE 14 MILLION PEOPLE HAVE BEEN DISPLACED BY THE WAR BOTH INTERNALLY AND EXTERNALLY.

GIVE US A SENSE FROM YOUR REPORTING.

>> ONE OF THE CHALLENGES, FRANKLY, MICHEL, IS IT IS NOW VERY DIFFICULT TO ACCESS.

AND SO WE HAVE FEWER PEOPLE ON THE GROUND, EITHER JOURNALISTS OR AID WORK IN SOME OF THE CRUCIAL AREAS.

BUT THE SLAUGHTER HAS GONE ON, THE MASS RAPE HAS GONE ON, AND THE STARVATION HAS INTENSIFIED KIND OF IN WAVES.

IT HAS ALSO MOVED SOUTH.

AT THAT TIME WHEN YOU WERE THERE, IT WAS MOSTLY FOCUSED ON VIOLENCE IN THE DARFUR REGION.

>> YEAH.

>> NOW IT HAS MOVED SOMEWHAT SOUTH, AND IN PARTICULAR, I THINK THE ICE SIS OF THE MOMENT IS THAT THE RAPID SUPPORT FORCES, THE MILITIA I WAS MENTIONING, IT HAS LARGELY SURROUNDED THE CITY OF ELOBADE SOUTH OF DARFUR AND IS THREATENING TO OVERRUN IT.

IT'S HARD TO KNOW EXACTLY WHAT WOULD HAPPEN.

BUT WHEN THE RSF MILITIA OVERRAN OF THE CITY OF EL-BASHIR LATE LAST YEAR, THE ESTIMATES ARE THAT 60,000 PEOPLE WERE SLAUGHTERED IN A FEW WEEKS.

>> IN YOUR JULY 11th COLUMN, YOU WROTE "LET'S NAME THE COUNTRY THAT'S FINANCING MASS MURDER. "

AND YOU ARGUE THAT MANY GOVERNMENTS ARE RELUCTANT TO PUBLICLY IDENTIFY THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES AS THE PRINCIPLE BACKER OF THIS MILITANT GROUP, THE RAPID FORCES, RSF.

SO A COUPLE QUESTIONS ABOUT THIS.

FIRST OF ALL, HOW DO YOU KNOW THAT THE UAE IS BACKING THE RSF, AND WHY ARE THEY?

>> SO IT'S AN OPEN SECRET THAT THERE HAS BEEN A PIPELINE OF ARMS FROM THE UAE TO THE RSF MILITIA.

THEY'RE --THE PLANES FROM THE UAE HAVE BEEN TRACKED, THE WEAPONS THAT THE RSF HAS HAVE ORIGINATED IN THE UAE.

OFFICIALS TALK ABOUT IT OPENLY, BOTH U.N.

OFFICIALS, AMERICAN OFFICIALS.

THE BIDEN ADMINISTRATION TALKED PRIVATELY TO THE UAE, BUT WOULD NOT SPEAK PUBLICLY ABOUT IT.

AND THEY CLAIM THAT THEY HAD PROMISES THAT THE UAE WAS GOING TO BACK OFF, IN FACT THAT DIDN'T HAPPEN.

THE UAE IS AN IMPORTANT COUNTRY.

AND THE U.S.

-- WELL, THE BIDEN ADMINISTRATION WANTED PART OF A MAJOR PEACE DEAL WITH ISRAEL.

PRESIDENT TRUMP HAS MAJOR BUSINESS INTERESTS, FAMILY BUSINESS INTERESTS WITH THE UAE.

OTHER COUNTRIES IN EUROPE HAVE IMPORTANT BUSINESS TIES WITH THE UAE.

AND SO THEY'VE PRIORITIZED THAT RELATIONSHIP WITH THE UAE, WHICH MEANS THEY'VE BEEN UNWILLING TO SPEAK PUBLICLY ABOUT ITS ROLE ARMING THE RSF.

YOU KNOW, THIS IS THE LEVERAGE WE HAVE.

THE UAE HAS A LOT TO BE PROUD OF.

IT'S AN EXTRAORDINARY COUNTRY.

BUT WHEN IT ARMS A MILITIA THAT IS ENGAGED IN PLACE SLAUGHTER --I VISITED VILLAGES.

I'M SURE YOU HEARD THESE TESTIMONIES ON YOUR TRIP THAT LINE UP EVERY MAN OR EVERY BOY OVER THE AGE OF 10, AND THEY GUN THEM DOWN.

AND THEN THEY KIDNAP AND RAPE THE WOMEN AND EVEN YOUNG GIRLS.

AND THIS IS THE MODUS OPERANDI THEY HAVE PURSUED BOTH 20 YEARS AGO IN THE DARFUR GENOCIDE AND THAT THEY STARTED AGAIN AGAINST THREE PARTICULAR BLACK AFRICAN TRIBES IN THE DARFUR REGION IN PARTICULAR.

>> WHAT'S THE UAE'S GOAL HERE?

WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF THIS?

>> SO I THINK THERE ARE TWO OR MAYBE TWO AND A HALF REASONS FOR ITS ROLE.

ONE IS THAT IT DOES HAVE MINERAL INTERESTS, GOLD AND OTHERS, AND IT IS GETTING, EXTRACTING THAT GOLD UNDER THE RSF AREAS AND GETTING IT BACK TO THE UAE.

AND THAT IS A REASONABLE ECONOMIC GAIN FOR IT.

AND THE SECOND IS THAT IT IS SEEKING INFLUENCE AROUND THE REGION, AND IT --OTHER COUNTRIES, INCLUDING SAUDI ARABIA HAVE BACKED THE SUDANESE ARMED FORCES, THE OTHER MAJOR FORCE IN THIS CIVIL WAR.

AND THE UAE IN TURN IS BACKING THE RSF MILITIA.

AND ROVER WINS THAT CIVIL WAR WILL CONTROL THE FUTURE OF SUDAN.

SO THE UAE IS MAKING A BET ON ITS LONG-TERM INFLUENCE.

AND I THINK MAYBE THE HALF REASON IS THAT AT THIS POINT, IT IS SO COMMITTED TO THE RSF THAT IF IT WERE TO BACK DOWN, THEN THE OTHER SIDE, THE SUDANESE ARMED FORCES WOULD EMERGE VICTORIOUS, PERHAPS, AND THEN IT FEARS THAT IT WOULD BE ISOLATED FROM INFLUENCE IN SUDAN FOR YEARS TO COME.

SO IT GOES ON.

FUNDING THE RSF, ARMING IT, AND COMPLICIT IN MASS MURDER.

>> WHAT CONVINCES YOU THAT IT WOULD MAKE A DIFFERENCE IF GOVERNMENTS WERE TO, I DON'T KNOW, NAME AND SHAME THE UAE FOR THIS OR PUT PRESSURE ON THE UAE?

WHAT CONVINCES YOU THAT THAT WOULD MATTER?

>> SO THE UAE CARES DEEPLY ABOUT ITS INTERNATIONAL IMAGE.

IT'S QUITE PROUD OF IT.

IT INVESTS A LOT OF MONEY IN BURN ISSUING THAT IMAGE AROUND THE WORLD.

IT HAS THESE SPORTS TEAMS THAT IT OWNS AROUND THE WORLD.

AND ALSO KNOWN THAT A HALF DOZEN YEARS AGO, IT WAS ENGAGED IN A BRUTAL WAR INNER YEMEN, WHICH AT THAT TIME WAS THE WORLD'S WORST HUMANITARIAN CRISIS.

AND THERE WAS AN OUTCRY OVER THAT, AND IT WASN'T FRANKLY ALL THAT SERIOUS AN OUTCRY.

IT WASN'T THAT THE UAE WAS GOING TO BE STIGMATIZED OR EVEN REALLY LOSE ITS ACCESS TO AMERICAN WEAPONS, BUT THAT OUTCRY, AND THAT PRESSURE, AND THAT INTERNATIONAL EMBARRASSMENT WAS ENOUGH TO GET THE UAE TO WITHDRAW FROM THAT YEMEN CIVIL WAR, AND, YOU KNOW, SOMEWHAT IMPROVE THE SITUATION IN YEMEN SO THAT IT'S NOT NOW THE WORLD'S WORST HUMANITARIAN CRISIS.

THAT'S NOW SUDAN.

SO WE HAVE SEEN THE UAE RESPONDING TO THAT INTERNATIONAL PRESSURE.

AND I THINK THAT, YOU KNOW, PRESSURE THIS TIME WOULD MAKE A REAL DIFFERENCE.

AND IT'S PROBABLY NOT GOING TO COME FROM PRESIDENT TRUMP, ESPECIALLY GIVEN HIS BUSINESS INTERESTS THERE.

BUT I THINK EUROPE CAN DO MUCH, MUCH MORE TO SPEAK OUT.

I THINK THE PUBLIC CAN.

>> I WANTED TO TURN TO ANOTHER STORY THAT YOU'VE BEEN COVERING, YOUR REPORTING ON USAID.

IN RECENT WEEKS YOU'VE WRITTEN ABOUT A YOUNG GIRL IN UGANDA WHO DIED OF MALARIA AFTER BED NETS AND MEDICINE RAN OUT.

A PREGNANT WOMAN IN LIBERIA WHO DIED BECAUSE AN AMBULANCE HAD NO FUEL.

YOU WROTE ABOUT AN 8-YEAR-OLD GIRL IN SOUTH SUDAN WHO LOST ACCESS TO HIV MEDICATION.

I THINK PEOPLE HAVE BEEN REPORTING ON SORT OF THE MACRO IMPACT OF THIS ABRUPT CUT IN USAID, WHICH WAS ONE OF THE FIRST TARGETS OF THE ELON MUSK -- HE CALLED IT THE DEPARTMENT OF GOVERNMENT EFFICIENT CIRCUMSTANCES OR DOGE.

THEY MADE A BIG POINT OF GOING OUT AND CHISELING THE LETTERS OFF OF THE BUILDING FRONT.

WHY WAS IT IMPORTANT TO YOU TO SORT OF FOCUS ON THESE INDIVIDUAL STORIES?

>> WE'RE NOT HARD-WIRED TO HAVE EMPATHY FOR MASS CASUALTIES, BUT I THINK IT IS HUMAN TO HAVE A CERTAIN AMOUNT OF EMPATHY FOR A CHILD IN FRONT OF US, FOR SOMEBODY ELSE.

AND I DON'T THINK THE AMERICAN PUBLIC APPRECIATES, YOU KNOW, HOW MANY CHILDREN ARE DYING UNNECESSARILY, HOW MANY WOMEN ARE DYING IN CHILDBIRTH UNNECESSARILY BECAUSE OF THESE STEPS THAT WE'VE TAKEN.

YOU KNOW, USAID WAS SAVING ONE LIFE EVERY TEN SECONDS UNTIL ELON MUSK CAME ALONG.

THAT COST 23 CENTS FOR EVERY $100 OF NATIONAL INCOME.

THAT SEEMS TO ME A BARGAIN.

YOU MENTIONED THIS WOMAN IN UGANDA, AND THIS LEFT A DEEP IMPRESSION ON ME.

I HAPPENED TO DROP IN ON THIS VILLAGE QUITE RANDOMLY.

I ASKED ABOUT PEOPLE WHO DIED RECENTLY.

AND THIS WOMAN, YAMA FREEMAN, SHE HAD TWO SMALL CHILDREN.

SHE WAS PREGNANT.

AGAIN, SHE WAS IN OBSTRUCTED LABOR.

AND SO SHE DESPERATELY NEEDED MEDICAL ATTENTION AND A C- SECTION.

AND SO THE VILLAGERS CALLED THE LOCAL HOSPITAL AND SAID WE NEED AN AMBULANCE TO TAKE YAMA TO THE HOSPITAL.

AND THE HOSPITAL SAID, WELL, YES, THE U.S.

PROVIDED THESE AMBULANCES AND USED TO PROVIDE FUEL, BUT THE U.S.

HAS CUT OFF FUEL SUPPLIES BECAUSE OF THE DESTRUCTION OF USAID, SO WE DON'T HAVE ANY FUEL.

SO IF SOMEBODY CAN COME HERE AND GIVE US DIESEL FOR THE AMBULANCE, WE CAN SEND THE AMBULANCE TO YOUR VILLAGE.

THAT WASN'T POSSIBLE OBVIOUSLY.

AND SO THEY PUT YAMA IN A HAMMOCK AS SHE IS BLEEDING TO DEATH.

AND THE STRONGEST YOUNG MEN IN THE VILLAGE PUT HER ON THEIR SHOULDERS AND THEY RACED TEN MILES DOWN THIS DIRT PATH TOWARD THE HOSPITAL.

AND THEY'RE SHOUTING, YAMA, HANG IN THERE, YOU'LL BE OKAY, YOU'LL MAKE IT.

SHE DIDN'T.

SHE BLED TO DEATH EN ROUTE.

AND THEY TURNED AROUND AND TRUDGED BACK TO THE VILLAGE AND BURIED HER THERE.

AND, YOU KNOW, I MEAN, MICHEL, ANY OF US, IF WE CAME ACROSS A WOMAN WHO WAS DYING IN THE BACK OF AN AMBULANCE BECAUSE THE AMBULANCE HAD RUN OUT OF FUEL, OF COURSE WE WOULD STEP IN AND HAND OVER $10 OR $20 OR WHATEVER IT MIGHT BE FOR FUEL TO SAVE THAT WOMAN'S LIFE.

BUT YAMA DIED BECAUSE WE DIDN'T THINK IT WAS WORTH IT TO PROVIDE FUEL FOR THAT AMBULANCE.

AND I WOULD HOPE THAT WHEN WE THINK OF IT IN THOSE MICROTERMS, WE MIGHT FEEL A LITTLE MORE EMPATHY, AND A LITTLE MORE COMPASSION.

>> A BOSTON UNIVERSITY ANALYSIS ESTIMATES THAT THESE CUTS HAVE ALREADY CONTRIBUTED TO MOTHER THAN 750,000 DEATHS.

THERE WAS A LANCET STUDY THAT PROJECTS 9.

4 MILLION DEATHS BY 2030 IF THE CURRENT TRENDS CONTINUE.

BUT IT'S INTERESTING THAT ELON MUSK, WHO IS KIND OF THE AUTHOR OF THIS PROJECT HAS REPEATEDLY INSISTED THAT NO CHILDREN HAVE DIED BECAUSE OF THE USAID CUTS.

AND IT'S INTERESTING THE SECRETARY OF STATE MARCO RUBIO IN CONGRESSIONAL TESTIMONY INSISTED THAT NOBODY HAS DIED AS A RESULT OF THESE CUTS.

AND I JUST WONDER, YOU KNOW, HOW DO YOU --HOW DO YOU UNDERSTAND THAT?

>> I MEAN, IT'S LUDICROUS TO CLAIM THAT NO ONE HAS DIED.

WE DON'T KNOW WHETHER THESE LARGER ESTIMATES ARE NECESSARILY ACCURATE.

ONE REASON WE DON'T KNOW THAT IS ONE OF THE THINGS THAT RUBIO AND MUSK CUT OUT WAS THE DATA COLLECTION EFFORTS TO DETERMINE MORTALITY IN THESE COUNTRIES.

BUT WE DO KNOW THAT IT'S A VERY LARGE NUMBER.

HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS SO FAR.

AND ONE WAY -- I KNOW THAT IS JUST WHEN I TRAVEL VILLAGE TO VILLAGE, YOU SEE KIDS WHO HAVE DIED IN EVERY VILLAGE YOU GO TO.

THERE WILL BE THIS KID DIED BECAUSE THEY COULDN'T GET A NEW BED NET TO KEEP MALARIA AT BAY.

A BED NET COST $2.

THIS KID GOT MALARIA AND COULDN'T GET ON-TIME MALARIA MEDICINES WHICH WOULD COST MAYBE A HALF DOZEN DOLLARS.

AND THEN TO HAVE RUBIO OR MUSK DENY THIS IMPACT JUST ADDS INSULT TO INJURY.

>> BUT WHAT ABOUT THE AMERICAN INTERESTS PART?

CAN YOU SPEAK TO THAT?

PART OF THEIR ARGUMENT IS THAT THIS IS NOT THE IN THE INTERESTS OF THE UNITED STATES THAT THESE RESOURCES, HOWEVER LAUDER TO SHOULD BE SPENT IN THE UNITED STATES AND NOT OVERSEAS.

WHAT WOULD YOU SAY TO THAT?

>> SO I THINK WE HAVE INTERESTS AS WELL AS VALUES AT STAKE.

AND I CAN OUR INTERESTS ARE REFLECTED INTO PARTICULARLY IMPORTANT WAYS.

ONE IS THE ACCUMULATION OF SOFT POWER SO THAT WE HAVE INFLUENCE AT THE U.N.

WE HAVE INFLUENCE IN TRADE DISCUSSIONS.

AND THE OTHER I THINK IS HEALTH SURVEILLANCE.

ONE OF THE REALLY IMPORTANT THINGS THAT USAID HAD IS HAVE A PRESENCE AND BE ALERT FOR DISEASES LIKE EBOLA, FOR CONTROLLING TUBERCULOSIS IN THE FIELD.

WHEN YOU GET A CASE OF EXTREMELY DRUG-RESISTANT TB COME TO THE U.S., IT COSTS HALF A MILLION DOLLARS TO TREAT IT.

IT'S MUCH CHEAPER AND MORE COST- EFFECTIVE TO DEAL WITH THESE DISEASES IN OTHER COUNTRIES.

AND THE EMERGENCE OF EBOLA IN THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO I THINK UNDERSCORES THAT, BECAUSE WE HAD SHUT DOWN USAID IN THESE AREAS, WE DIDN'T HAVE AN EAR ON THE GROUND.

IT TOOK A LONG TIME FOR US TO DETECT THOSE CASES OF EBOLA.

AND AS A RESULT, INSTEAD OF BEING EXTINGUISHED IN ONE VILLAGE IN A FEW WEEKS, WE WILL PROBABLY BE FIGHTING EBOLA THERE FOR A YEAR OR MORE, AND MANY PEOPLE WILL DIE UNNECESSARILY.

>> BEFORE WE LET YOU GO, I WANT TO ASK ABOUT ANOTHER PIECE OF REPORTING THAT YOU DID THIS YEAR, AN INVESTIGATION INTO ALLEGATIONS OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE AGAINST PALESTINIANS IN ISRAELI DETENTION.

IT GENERATED, I DON'T KNOW, AN EXTRAORDINARY REACTION FROM I WOULD SAY PRETTY MUCH ACROSS THE POLITICAL SPECTRUM.

IN A WAY, IT IS KIND OF A PIECE WITH THE OTHER STORIES WE'VE BEEN TALKING ABOUT.

WE'RE TALKING ABOUT CONDITIONS THAT ARE EXTREME THAT ARE CAUSING EXTREME SUFFERING THAT YOU FEEL ARE THAT YOUR REPORTING SAYS AND THAT YOUR OBSERVATION SAYS ARE JUST --ARE NOT BEING TAKEN SERIOUSLY BY MUCH OF THE WORLD.

AND I JUST WONDER WHAT YOU -- DO YOU HAVE SOME CONCLUSION THAT YOU DRAW FROM IT, FROM THE EXPERIENCE THAT YOU HAD IN THAT INVESTIGATION?

>> I MEAN, AT TIMES IT'S BEEN GREAT AND STANDING BEHIND THAT WE KNEW IT WAS GOING TO BE A CONTROVERSIAL ARTICLE GOING INTO IT.

I'M NOT SURE WE EXPECTED THAT PRIME MINISTER NETANYAHU WOULD CALL IT A BLOOD LIBEL AND THREATEN HARSH LEGAL REACTION.

THE REACTION WAS ENORMOUS.

AT THE END TOP DAY, MICHEL, OUR JOB AS JOURNALISTS IS TO GO AND COVER THINGS WITHOUT FEAR OR FAVOR.

AND I ABSOLUTELY AM CONFIDENT IN THAT STORY.

I TALKED TO 14 PEOPLE WHO HAD EXPERIENCED SEXUAL VIOLENCE AT THE HANDS OF ISRAELI AUTHORITIES OR SETTLERS.

AND THEN THE U.N.

THEN FOLLOWED UP SHORTLY THEREAFTER ACTUALLY BY PUTTING ISRAEL ON A LIST FOR THE FIRST TIME OF COUNTRIES THAT DO ENGAGE IN THIS KIND OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE.

I --ALL WE CAN DO IS SHINE A LIGHT AND HOPE THAT IT GETS ATTENTION AND THAT IT WILL RAISE THE COSTS OF THIS BEHAVIOR DOWN THE ROAD.

AND I --I WISH THAT PRIME MINISTER NETANYAHU WOULD HAVE SPENT LESS TIME DENOUNCING ME AND DENOUNCING THE STORY AND A LITTLE MORE TIME INVESTIGATING THE REPORTS OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE, INCLUDING FROM ISRAELI HUMAN RIGHTS PEOPLE.

AND EVEN MORE THAN ALLOWING THE RED CROSS TO VISIT PRISONERS, PALESTINIAN PRISONERS IN ISRAELI PRISONS.

AND IF HE THINKS THAT HE WILL BE EXONERATED, ALL THE MORE REASON TO ALLOW THE RED CROSS TO INTERVIEW THOSE PRISONERS.

>> NICK KRISTOF, THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR TALKING WITH US.

>> GOOD TO BE WITH YOU.

>> WE SHOULD NOTE THAT IN A STATEMENT POSTED ONLINE LAST YEAR, THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES DENIED THE ALLEGATIONS, SAYING IN PART THE UAE UNEQUIVOCALLY CONDEMNS THE HORRIFIC ATTACKS AGAINST CIVILIANS IN SUDAN. "

THE STATEMENT GOES ON TO SAY, "THE UAE HAS CALLED FOR A FULL ARMS EMBARGO ACROSS SUDAN AS WITNESSED BY THE REPORT PUBLISHED IN 2025, THERE IS NO SUBSTANTIATED EVIDENCE THAT THE UAE HAS PROVIDED ANY SUPPORT TO THE RSF OR ANY WARRING PARTIES.

CLAIMS SUGGESTING OTHERWISE ARE AN ATTEMPT TO MISREPRESENT THE FACTS AND DISTRACT FROM THE URGENT NEED FOR A CEASEFIRE AND FOR ACCOUNTABILITY AMONG THOSE PERPETRATING VIOLENCE ON THE GROUND."

>> AND FINALLY, CRIME, BUSINESS, AND AN EVER-CHANGING CITY.

TWO- TIME PULITZER PRIZE WINNING AUTHOR COLSON WHITEHEAD HAS RELEASED HIS THIRD NOVEL IN THE SERIES.

IT'S CALLED "COOL MACHINE" AND FOLLOWS PROTAGONIST RAY CARNEY IN ONE LAST HEIST IN A RAPIDLY EVOLVING 1980s NEW YORK.

HERE IS A GLIMPSE OF OUR CONVERSATION.

>> THEY TEND TO CALL YOUR HARLEM BOOKS NOSTALGIC.

YOU TELL IT ALL, THOUGH --THE RATS, THE SEWERS, THE GARBAGE, THE CRIME.

IS NOSTALGIA THE RIGHT WORD HERE?

BECAUSE ON THE ONE HAND, IT DOES SEEM TO BE A LOVE STORY TO A CITY THAT IS LIKE NO OTHER.

BUT YOU DON'T HOLD BACK EITHER.

>> NO.

I'M TRYING TO BE TRUTHFUL.

IT'S A VALENTINE, BUT ALSO WITH A BODY COUNT.

SO I'M NOT SHYING AWAY -- >> I LOVE THAT LINE.

>> I'M NOT SHYING AWAY FROM HOW THE CITY ACTUALLY IS.

IT'S BEAUTIFUL AND ALSO TRAGIC.

IT WILL CHEW YOU UP, BUT ALSO LIFT YOU UP.

AND THAT CHURN, THAT ENERGY OF THE CITY IS WHAT I LOVE ABOUT IT.

AND IF I CAN DEPICT IT, I'M DOING MY JOB.

>> AND WE'LL HAVE THE FULL INTERVIEW ON TOMORROW'S SHOW.

>> ALL RIGHT THAT IT IS FOR NOW.

THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR WATCHING AND GOODBYE FROM NEW YORK.